International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science
e-ISSN: 2544-9435 DOI: 10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss OCLC Number: 1036501433 Founding Support: RS Global Sp. z O.O., Poland Operating Publisher: SciFormat Publishing Inc., Canada Subject area: Social Sciences Submission to publication: 59 days Acceptance rate: 55%
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DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF NEUROSURGERY: AI, TELEMEDICINE AND VIRTUAL REALITY
Neurosurgery is a specialty that requires extensive knowledge, as well as comprehensive training and technical skills. Recent advances in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) demonstrate significant potential for improving the quality of both interventional and non-interventional neurosurgical treatment. One of the advantages of integrating artificial intelligence into everyday clinical practice is the acceleration and increased efficiency of neurosurgeons’ work, allowing more patients to be treated within a shorter period of time. In the future, this may help healthcare systems provide more efficient patient care in modern clinical settings. At present, telemedicine can be predicted to become one of the key tools in neurosurgical practice, as it has the potential to help surgeons provide care to a greater number of patients, while augmented reality may support the extensive process of neurosurgical training. These technologies have demonstrated promising utility over recent decades and have the potential to transform aspects of neurosurgical practice in areas such as diagnosis, clinical decision-making, prognostic assessment, and data acquisition. It is important to note that, despite the advantages of artificial intelligence, several important limitations and challenges associated with its integration into routine medical practice remain. This review aims to summarize both the progress achieved in the application of these new digital technologies and the potential challenges and limitations associated with their use.
Artificial Intelligence, Neurosurgery, Telemedicine, Virtual Reality, Machine Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafał Kobylański, Olha Levchenko, Katarzyna Nycz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF FOOD ADDITIVES AND ULTRA-PROCESSED DIETARY PATTERNS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC DISEASES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
The global escalation of pediatric asthma and allergic diseases amounts to a significant public health challenge, frequently described as the second wave of the allergy epidemic. While genetic factors provide a baseline of susceptibility, the rapid increase in prevalence points to environmental factors, particularly the considerable shift in eating habits. The modern diet is characterized by a high intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF), which are industrial formulations containing multiple additives, including emulsifiers, synthetic colorants, and non-nutritive sweeteners. This review analyzes the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms underlying UPF consumption and specific food additives and their effects on respiratory and allergic outcomes in children, based on an extensive review of PubMed-indexed literature. Current evidence suggests that high UPF intake is associated with an increased risk of current asthma, wheezing, and allergic rhinitis. Longitudinal cohort data indicate that maternal consumption of artificially sweetened beverages during pregnancy substantially increases the risk of asthma in offspring. Key biological mechanisms identified include the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, gut microbial dysbiosis—indicated by a reduction in short-chain fatty acid-producing taxa—and the induction of systemic inflammation through oxidative stress and the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, additives such as tartrazine and sodium benzoate have been shown to exacerbate airway inflammation by upregulating leukotriene B4 and promoting Th2-skewed immune responses. These findings show the significant need for dietary interventions and stricter regulation of food additives to reduce the chronic inflammatory burden in the pediatric population.
Ultra-Processed Foods, Food Additives, Allergic Diseases, Gut-Lung Axis, Gut Microbiota
Copyright (c) 2026 Michał Petkow, Katarzyna Lipska, Aleksandra Oszczypała, Mateusz Żyła, Monika Szyszkowska, Aleksandra Potempa, Liwia Prorok, Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Zofia Parol, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPECIFICITY OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES IN FEMALE ATHLETES: AN ANALYSIS OF BIOMECHANICAL, HORMONAL AND NEUROMUSCULAR FACTORS IN INJURY PREVENTION
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries represent a major orthopedic challenge in sports medicine. Female athletes sustain these injuries at substantially higher rates than their male counterparts, necessitating a deeper investigation into sex-specific risk factors. Aim: This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the multifactorial etiology underlying the sex disparity in ACL injury rates. By integrating evidence from epidemiological studies, biomechanical simulations, and biochemical analyses, it aims to inform the development of more effective prevention strategies. Methodology: The investigation centers on three principal risk domains: anatomical factors (including the Q angle and osseous geometry), hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle (with emphasis on estrogen's influence on collagen metabolism and ligament stiffness), and neuromuscular patterns (such as quadriceps dominance and altered muscle recruitment). Results: The efficacy of evidence-based prevention programs, including the PEP, Sportsmetrics, and FIFA 11+ protocols, is evaluated using meta-analytic data. Additionally, this review addresses the controversial clinical practice of prescribing hormonal contraceptives for injury prophylaxis, weighing the evidence for hormonal stabilization against the limited availability of high-certainty data on long-term musculoskeletal health. Conclusions: This report synthesizes prevention strategies and emphasizes the need to transition from universal protocols to sex-specific, individualized athletic care. Addressing the interplay between biological and mechanical factors is proposed as a means to reduce injury rates and enhance the athletic longevity of female athletes.
ACL Injury, Female Athletes, Biomechanics, Menstrual Cycle, Neuromuscular Control, Injury Prevention
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Oszczypała, Zofia Parol, Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Monika Szyszkowska, Michał Petkow, Mateusz Żyła, Liwia Prorok, Katarzyna Lipska, Aleksandra Potempa, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE SMARTPHONE USE ON MENTAL WELLBEING, SLEEP QUALITY AND ACTIVE LIFESTYLE BEHAVIOURS
Introduction: Mobile phone addiction has become a very common phenomenon among young people. It leads to a number of negative consequences for their health, both physical and mental. The aim of this paper is to present the most important consequences of excessive phone use in terms of mental health, such as depression, anxiety and feelings of loneliness. Issues such as the impact of phone addiction on sleep disorders, orthorexia and eating behaviour are also discussed. The paper highlights that excessive use of mobile devices can significantly affect the quality of life of young people, contributing to emotional disturbances and reduced psychological well-being. Conclusions point to the need for further research and educational activities to reduce the negative impact of this phenomenon. Methodology: For this work, we conducted a search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: "phone addiction," " health," " lifestyle," " mental wellbeing" followed by an analysis of the selected materials. Aim of the study: The aim of this work is to analyse the impact of smartphone addiction on young people's mental health, with a focus on aspects such as depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, orthorexia, social relationships and feelings of loneliness. Conclusion: Excessive use of mobile devices can have a significant impact on the quality of life of young people, contributing to emotional, sleep and eating disorders. Preventive measures are advisable, including education on sleep hygiene, limiting the time spent in front of screens before bedtime and promoting healthy lifestyles among young people and students.
Phone Addiction, Health, Lifestyle, Mental Wellbeing
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Hamerla, Julia Gawron, Radosław Szydłowski, Magdalena Bodera, Hanna Porwolik, Dominika Hamerla, Bartłomiej Czarnecki, Anna Kaźmierska, Łukasz Grajcarek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TATTOOED BODIES, URBAN SPACES: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION OF TATTOO PRACTICES IN ORAN (ALGERIA) AND COLOGNE (GERMANY)
In this article, we examine the social representations and symbolic meanings of tattooing in two distinct urban environments: Oran, Algeria, and Cologne, Germany. Our research combines longterm fieldwork conducted in Oran (20242025) for a Master's dissertation in urban anthropology, with an exploratory comparative fieldwork carried out in Cologne in December 2025 within the framework of the DiaMiGo Project at the University of Cologne, under the supervision of Professor Martin Zillinger. Mobilising the theoretical frameworks of symbolic interactionism, Louis Wirth's conception of urbanism as a way of life, and Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, we analyse how tattooing (as a corporeal practice) articulates identity, belonging, resistance, and stigma across two radically different urban contexts. While in Oran tattooing operates at the tense boundary between centre and margin, simultaneously signalling personal freedom and social transgression, in Cologne it functions as a normalised artistic practice embedded in the urban fabric. The comparison reveals how the city itself, its anonymity, density, and symbolic power, shapes the meanings that bodies inscribe on themselves.
Tattooing, Urban Anthropology, Social Representations, Symbolic Interactionism, Oran, Cologne, Identity, Stigma, Urban Anonymity, Centre/Margin
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahlem Habib Grine, Mehdi Souiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GUANFACINE MECHANISMS, CLINICAL EFFICACY, AND ROLE IN MODERN ADHD PHARMACOTHERAPY – A REVIEW
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder worldwide. It affects cognitive, behavioural, and social functioning across the lifespan. Symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity can significantly impair academic, occupational, and interpersonal outcomes. Stimulant medications, including methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives, remain the first-line treatment due to their robust efficacy. However, their use is often limited by side effects, risk of misuse, and incomplete response in a substantial subset of patients. These limitations have driven growing interest in non-stimulant pharmacotherapies that target alternative neurobiological mechanisms. Guanfacine, a selective alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonist, has emerged as a promising non-stimulant option. By enhancing prefrontal cortex signalling through alpha-2A receptor agonism, guanfacine stabilises neuronal firing, which improves working memory, attention regulation, and inhibitory control. Clinical studies indicate that guanfacine is particularly effective in reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity and can serve as an adjunctive therapy in patients with partial stimulant response. Its sedative effects may also provide additional benefits for comorbid sleep disturbances and anxiety, while its non-stimulant profile lowers the risk of abuse. Common adverse effects include sedation, hypotension, and bradycardia, necessitating careful dose titration and monitoring. Evidence regarding long-term efficacy and safety, particularly in adults, remains limited, emphasising the need for further research to optimise individualised treatment strategies. Nonetheless, guanfacine represents an important addition to ADHD pharmacotherapy, offering clinicians a valuable tool to tailor interventions according to patient-specific symptom profiles and treatment goals.
ADHD, Guanfacine, Alpha-2A Adrenergic Receptor, Non-Stimulant Treatment, ADHD Pharmacotherapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiktoria Bojarska, Agnieszka Barbara Białek, Radosław Januszczak, Gabriela Anna Gilarska, Julianna Cholewa, Sylwia Bojarska, Maja Sygacz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TIME-CRITICAL SURGICAL ACUTE ABDOMEN: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF DIAGNOSTIC PATHWAYS, ESCALATION PROCESSES, AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE
Introduction: Acute abdominal pathology remains a common and diagnostically challenging emergency presentation. A clinically important subset requires urgent surgical or interventional management, and delays may lead to bowel necrosis, sepsis, shock, multi-organ failure, and death. Methods: A structured search of PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar was performed. International guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinically relevant observational studies were prioritised, with a focus on obstruction, ischaemia, perforation, intra-abdominal infection, biliary emergencies, haemorrhage, and trauma-related abdominal pathology. Results: The reviewed evidence shows that the surgical acute abdomen is mainly driven by obstruction, ischaemia, perforation/infection, and haemorrhage. Early diagnosis remains difficult because symptoms may be non-specific and presentations atypical, especially in older or comorbid patients. Repeated reassessment, risk-based imaging, early recognition of red-flag features, and timely surgical consultation are consistently associated with improved outcomes. Conclusions: Effective management of the acute abdomen requiring surgical intervention depends on early recognition of time-critical pathology, structured diagnostic pathways, and prompt source control. Further research should focus on standardised care pathways that reduce time-to-intervention while maintaining patient safety.
Acute Abdomen, Emergency Surgery, Diagnostic Delay, Risk Stratification, Source Control, Emergency Laparotomy
Copyright (c) 2026 Jędrzej Zaguła, Cezary Kosmecki, Mateusz Stronczynski , Łukasz Deska, Dawid Głaz, Maksymilan Głaz, Natalia Kamińska, Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik , Magdalena Stolarczyk, Wojciech Sołtys https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZATION OF COMPUTER-BASED INSTRUCTION (CBI) MEDIA ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Purpose. This study aims to determine the effective use of Computer-Based Instruction (CBI) in identifying the learning outcomes of students of the Fashion Design Education Study Program at Universitas Negeri Medan.. Methods. This research is a quasi-experimental research, with a population of 133 students consisting of 4 classes. The research design uses a pretest and posttest to see the learning outcomes of students in the Fashion Technology course. Findings. The use of CBI learning media in the experimental class showed that the achievement of learning outcomes using CBI learning media is better than using other learning media in students of the Fashion Education Study Research Implications. Integrating learning technology that matches the characteristics of visual and procedural materials can support improved learning quality in vocational education. In addition to providing empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of CBI in Fashion Design Education, this research also serves as a foundation for the development of more innovative digital learning media to support independent, student-centered learning. Originality. The novelty of this research lies in testing the effectiveness of Computer-Based Instruction (CBI) in learning Fashion Technology in the Fashion Design Education Study Program, which has visual and procedural learning characteristics. This research provides empirical evidence regarding the ability of CBI to support practical learning, improve learning outcomes, and facilitate student independent learning in vocational fashion education.
Computer-Based Instruction (CBI), Quasi-Experimental, Fashion Technology Course
Copyright (c) 2026 Dina Ampera, Veronika Yulisna Sinukaban, Farihah, Yudhistira Anggraini, Ismail Jahidin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TOPICAL EFLORNITHINE TREATMENT FOR HIRSUTISM IN WOMEN: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Introduction: Hirsutism impacts 5–10% of women of reproductive age, characterized by excessive male-pattern terminal hair growth. Excess facial hair is notably distressing given its visibility, commonly diminishing women's perceptions of femininity. Evidence from clinical studies reveals that eflornithine attenuates facial hair proliferation and conspicuousness, thereby ameliorating quality of life. Aim of the study: This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of topical eflornithine preparations in the treatment of hirsutism in women. The analysis focused specifically on monotherapy with eflornithine or in combination with other therapies such as laser and intense pulsed light treatments. Pharmacokinetics and safety of use were also evaluated. The data collected were synthesized descriptively to support a comparative assessment of different eflornithine-based treatment strategies. Material and method: This study used a systematic literature review methodology to synthesize the scientific evidence on the efficacy of topical eflornithine in the treatment of hirsutism in women. The literature review was compiled using the PubMed and Google Scholar platforms, including articles published between 2001 and 2006. Results: Topical eflornithine emerges as an efficacious intervention for hirsutism in women, demonstrating superior clinical outcomes whether employed as monotherapy or adjunctively with laser or IPL therapies.
Hirsutism Treatment, Topical Eflornithine, Intense Pulsed Light, Laser Hair Removal
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Wiśniewska, Małgorzata Kuczek, Karolina Kasprzak, Zuzanna Rabczak, Julia Marek, Justyna Tasior https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREHABILITATION INCLUDING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND INTEGRATED NUTRITIONAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL CARE IN THE PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Context: The aim of this study is to demonstrate that prehabilitation encompassing nutritional assessment, optimization of nutritional support, structured exercise, and psychological intervention significantly influences patients’ recovery to their preoperative functional status. Moreover, in individuals presenting with poorer baseline condition, prehabilitation may contribute to functional improvement and reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Methods: We conducted a review of the current literature on surgical prehabilitation for esophageal cancer, focusing on studies indexed in PubMed that examine preoperative interventions implemented prior to esophagectomy to improve patients’ preoperative condition and enhance postoperative recovery. Results: Available evidence from the literature indicates a beneficial effect of prehabilitation on postoperative functional capacity and the rate of patients’ return to activities of daily living. At the same time, evidence regarding its impact on short- and long-term clinical outcomes remains limited, which underscores the need for further well-designed studies incorporating a broader range of variables. Conclusions: The findings suggest that multimodal preoperative interventions, including physical activity, nutritional support, and anxiety reduction strategies, may serve as a valuable adjunct to enhanced recovery after surgery programs and facilitate a faster return of patients to basic activities of daily living.
Prehabilitation, Esophageal Cancer, Surgery, Nutrition, Physical Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriel Mandera, Dawid Sobański, Julia Raszewska, Wiktor Jabłoński, Adam Perek, Klaudia Kapelka, Julia Anna Świerczek, Weronika Targosz, Aleksandra Wesołowska, Karolina Pyrtek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS: DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES AND RISK FACTORS – A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease of unclear etiology, characterized by loss of immune tolerance to hepatocyte antigens in genetically predisposed individuals. Despite global occurrence and increasing prevalence, no uniform pattern of environmental triggers or genetic susceptibility has been established. Clinically, AIH demonstrates marked heterogeneity, ranging from asymptomatic biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure or advanced cirrhosis at presentation, posing significant diagnostic challenges. Diagnosis relies on a combination of serological, biochemical, and histopathological findings. Although autoantibodies and elevated immunoglobulin G levels remain key diagnostic markers, their limited specificity and occasional absence—particularly in acute presentations—complicate clinical assessment. Liver biopsy continues to play a central role in diagnosis, disease staging, and therapeutic decision-making, despite the growing availability of noninvasive methods. Histopathological features such as interface hepatitis, plasma cell infiltration, and lobular inflammation support the diagnosis but are not pathognomonic. The pathogenesis of AIH involves complex immune dysregulation, including T-cell–mediated responses, impaired regulatory mechanisms, and aberrant antigen presentation. Emerging evidence highlights the potential contribution of intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota alterations to disease development and progression, although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Genetic predisposition, particularly within the HLA region, along with female sex and age-related factors, contribute to disease susceptibility. Additionally, AIH may coexist with other autoimmune conditions, further complicating its clinical course and diagnosis. In summary, AIH remains a diagnostically challenging and clinically diverse disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Advances in immunology, histopathology, and microbiome research may improve understanding of disease mechanisms and facilitate the development of more precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Autoimmune Hepatitis, Diagnosis, Histopathology, Autoantibodies, Risk Factors, Liver Disease
Copyright (c) 2026 Marta Góral, Katarzyna Bednarczuk, Aleksandra Irena Skuza, Magda Downar-Zapolska, Katarzyna Helena Sergiel, Emilia Torbacka, Dominik Fidorowicz, Daniel Sagan, Rafał Siedlecki, Agnieszka Mikłaszewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GUT MICROBIOTA AND DEPRESSION: MECHANISMS, EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT AND SPORT: A CURRENT REVIEW
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects over 264 million people globally. Growing evidence implicates the Microbiota-Gut-Brain axis in its pathogenesis, yet mechanisms and therapeutic implications remain incompletely understood. Aim: To synthesise evidence on gut microbiota alterations in MDD, neurobiological mechanisms, microbiota-targeted interventions, and implications for sport populations. Material and methods: A narrative review of 28 peer-reviewed publications (2019-2025) using PubMed. Search terms included gut microbiota, major depressive disorder, dysbiosis, probiotics, HPA axis, and short-chain fatty acids. Results: Depletion of SCFA-producing genera – particularly Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus, and Prevotellaceae – alongside enrichment of pro-inflammatory taxa was identified across multiple systematic reviews. Three neurobiological pathways were delineated: serotonergic and GABAergic dysregulation, HPA axis dysfunction via the kynurenine pathway, and LPS-mediated neuroinflammation. Adjunctive probiotic supplementation demonstrated a modest antidepressant effect (SMD = 0.83). Moderate physical activity increases SCFA-producing taxa overlapping with those depleted in MDD. Conclusions: Gut microbiota alterations are associated with MDD through identifiable pathways. Probiotics show adjunctive therapeutic potential. Sport populations represent a clinically relevant group for microbiota-targeted research.
Gut Microbiota, Major Depressive Disorder, Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Probiotics, Dysbiosis, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Physical Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Bartosz Wiśniewski, Dominika Pachnowska, Kacper Cholewiński, Natalia Badowska, Izabela Matuszek, Natalia Pluta, Katarzyna Aleksandra Nowak, Alicja Rutkowska-Nowosielska, Oliwia Nikola Czekanow, Jerzy Demkow, Zofia Kania-Bonicka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIABETES MELLITUS IN WOLFRAM SYNDROME 1: CHARACTERISTICS AND PERSPECTIVES IN TREATMENT
Wolfram syndrome 1 is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the WFS1 gene related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. The course of the disease most often begins with diagnosis of insulin-dependent non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus with an early onset. Its clinical character is presented with an acronym DIDMOAD: diabetes insipidus (DI), diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy (OA) and deafness (D). This article focuses on the clinical features of diabetes mellitus in Wolfram syndrome. We also describe current approach to its therapy and discuss possible treatment options placing the main emphasis on the GLP1 receptor agonists and cell regenerative therapy. Methods and materials: A qualitative synthesis of the data focusing on GLP-1 agonists, cell regenerative therapy and diabetes mellitus in Wolfram syndrome was performed. This literature review of GLP-1 receptor agonists and cell regenerative therapy effect on metabolic control, and current perspectives of treatment in patients with Wolfram syndrome, a monogenic type of diabetes, included recent publications, primarily from the past 10 years, and was conducted from November 2025 to April 2026 using the PubMed database. A systematic search was performed using specific keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH terms) related to GLP-1 agonists and Wolfram syndrome. The primary search terms included: “diabetes mellitus”, “GLP-1 agonists”, “Wolfram syndrome”, “WFS1”, “monogenic diabetes”, “islet transplantation”, and “cell regenerative therapy”. The criteria for inclusion of articles were as follows: published before April 2026, written in English, peer-reviewed original research articles. Exclusion criteria included publications not available in full text, articles in languages other than English. Editorials, commentaries, and conference abstracts without full data were also excluded. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were screened to determine eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Cell Regenerative Therapy, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Wolfram Syndrome 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Islet Transplantation
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominika Darasz, Dominik Zając, Marek Łobaziewicz, Patrycja Powaga, Michał Sęk, Aleksandra Wajs, Aleksandra Gródek, Julia Kierner, Daria Valipur Kolti, Amelia Żurek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROINFLAMMATION AFTER MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA - MISSING LINK BETWEEN ORTHOPEDIC INJURY AND CHRONIC PAIN?
Musculoskeletal injuries, such as fractures and whiplash, affect around 9 million people annually and are a major cause of disability. In many cases, pain persists despite tissue healing, which is not fully explained by traditional models. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation - the activation of the innate immune system in the peripheral and central nervous systems - may underlie chronic pain. It involves glial cell activation and the release of proinflammatory mediators, leading to central sensitization and maladaptive synaptic plasticity. To evaluate neuroinflammation as a potential “missing link” between orthopedic injury and chronic pain, and to identify therapeutic targets. A search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted. Included were randomized controlled trials, systematic review and meta-analyses of ankle sprain treatment and rehabilitation strategies. Neuroinflammation contributes to the transition from acute to chronic pain beyond tissue healing. Glial activation and mediators, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, drive central sensitization, while caspase cascades (caspase-1, -3, -6) regulate AMPA and NMDA receptor trafficking in the spinal cord, maintaining hypersensitivity. Clinical findings, including MRI studies of whiplash patients, demonstrate nerve root inflammation associated with hyperalgesia. Emerging therapies, such as transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) and exosome-based approaches, show promise in modulating these processes. Neuroinflammation links musculoskeletal injury to persistent pain by combining immune activation and neural changes that sustain central sensitization. Understanding these mechanisms may help identify patients at risk and guide the development of treatments targeting neuroinflammation to prevent chronic pain.
Neuroinflammation, Musculoskeletal Trauma, Neuroinflammatory Signaling, Central Sensitization, Chronic Fracture Pain
Copyright (c) 2026 Agnieszka Morawa, Sonia Mojzyk, Judyta Bordakiewicz, Zuzanna Michalska, Donata Pokorska, Julia Świechowska, Zuzanna Zarzycka, Julia Maria Kuczkowska, Ingrid Samberger, Magdalena Wiciak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF THE MICROBIOME IN HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE - PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS: NARRATIVE REVIEW
Objective: The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s disease and to discuss potential microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using publications indexed in the PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses focusing on Hashimoto’s disease and gut microbiota interactions were included. Most studies were selected from the past 10-15 years, with approximately 80% of the included literature published within the last five years (2021–2025), ensuring up-to-date evidence. Key findings: Available evidence indicates that patients with Hashimoto’s disease exhibit gut dysbiosis characterized by reduced microbial diversity, decreased abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, and an overrepresentation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. These alterations are associated with impaired intestinal barrier integrity, increased systemic inflammation, and dysregulation of immune responses, particularly an imbalance between regulatory T cells and Th17 lymphocytes. Furthermore, microbiome disturbances may contribute to thyroid autoimmunity through mechanisms such as molecular mimicry and translocation of bacterial antigens. Emerging studies suggest that dietary modification, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation may positively influence thyroid function and immune regulation. Conclusions: Although levothyroxine replacement remains the standard treatment for Hashimoto’s disease, modulation of the gut microbiome represents a promising adjunctive therapeutic approach. Further well-designed clinical trials are required to clarify causal relationships and evaluate the efficacy of microbiome-targeted interventions in autoimmune thyroid disease.
Hashimoto’s Disease, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, Microbiome, Microbiota, Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Copyright (c) 2026 Zuzanna Michalska, Julia Maria Kuczkowska, Judyta Bordakiewicz, Michalina Chodór, Maciej Kokoszka, Donata Pokorska, Julia Świechowska, Zuzanna Zarzycka, Ingrid Samberger, Magdalena Wiciak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF NON-DIPPER HYPERTENSION
Non-dipper hypertension, characterized by a nocturnal blood pressure (BP) decline of less than 10% relative to daytime means, represents a significant clinical phenotype associated with heightened cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While conventional office measurements often fail to capture these variations, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has emerged as the gold standard for assessing 24-hour BP variability and identifying circadian rhythm disruptions. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding the clinical profile, pathophysiology, and prognostic impact of the non-dipper pattern. The pathophysiology of non-dipper hypertension involves a complex interplay of autonomic dysregulation, nocturnal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system hyperactivity, and impaired renal sodium handling. This profile is highly prevalent among patients with metabolic comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity, where prevalence rates can reach up to 77%. Prognostically, the non-dipper pattern is a potent independent predictor of target organ damage, including left ventricular hypertrophy, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Notably, each 5% reduction in nocturnal BP fall is associated with a 20% increase in cardiovascular mortality. Therapeutic management emphasizes personalized chronotherapy specifically bedtime dosing of antihypertensive agents alongside novel pharmacological options like SGLT2 inhibitors and ARNIs. Furthermore, lifestyle interventions such as sodium restriction and the treatment of sleep disorders are crucial for restoring the physiological circadian rhythm. Ultimately, systematic use of ABPM is essential for accurate risk stratification and the implementation of targeted therapies to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular events.
Non-Dipper Hypertension; ABPM; Cardiovascular Risk; Circadian Rhythm
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiktoria Szkatuła, Marcin Schulz, Dawid Studziński, Agnieszka Morawa, Karolina Osińska, Michał Kulczak, Anna Kołcz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MATERNAL OBESITY AS A DETERMINANT OF LONG-TERM OFFSPRING HEALTH: INSIGHTS FROM METABOLIC, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES
Introduction and Objective: The prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity has increased dramatically worldwide, posing significant risks for offspring health. Maternal obesity has been associated with multisystemic consequences, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, renal, and immune disturbances. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the impact of maternal obesity on offspring health and to identify potential mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published up to 2026. Both human epidemiological studies and experimental animal models were included to evaluate the effects of maternal obesity on offspring outcomes. Keywords included “maternal obesity”, “offspring health”, “developmental programming”, “metabolic disorders”, “neurodevelopment”, and “immunology”. Relevant studies were critically assessed, with particular focus on mechanisms, sex-specific effects, and long-term consequences. Results / Methodology: Evidence indicates that maternal obesity programs offspring health through multiple pathways, including altered metabolism, epigenetic modifications, inflammatory processes, and microbiome-mediated effects. Offspring of obese mothers exhibit higher risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, impaired renal development, neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders, and immune dysregulation. These effects are often sex-specific and may persist throughout childhood and adulthood. Both preconception and gestational interventions, including weight management and lifestyle optimization, can partially mitigate these risks. Conclusion: Maternal obesity is a major determinant of long-term multisystem health outcomes in offspring. Understanding the mechanisms of developmental programming is essential for developing preventive strategies, emphasizing the importance of maternal health optimization before and during pregnancy.
Maternal Obesity, Offspring Health, Developmental Programming, Metabolic Disorders, Neurodevelopment, Immunology
Copyright (c) 2026 Karolina Osińska, Agnieszka Morawa, Marcin Schulz, Dawid Studziński, Anna Kołcz, Michał Kulczak, Izabela Ochońska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF ANTI-CGRP MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR MIGRAINE PREVENTION IN REAL-WORLD PRACTICE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The transition from Phase III trials to real-world evidence (RWE) is critical for understanding monoclonal antibody (mAb) performance in complex, comorbid populations. This review evaluates the real-world effectiveness and safety of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway inhibitors in routine clinical practice. A systematic search of PubMed (2021–2026) identified observational studies, including prospective registries (e.g., PEARL, GARLIT, MAB-MIG) and large-scale claims analyses, regarding erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and eptinezumab. Synthesis of 32 studies (n > 1 million patients) demonstrates robust effectiveness across diverse populations. Real-world data confirm sustained ≥ 50% responder rates (ranging from 40%–75% in most cohorts) and significant reductions in acute medication use. Benefits were maintained over 12–36 months, even in patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse headaches. Large-scale analyses (MarketScan, Medicare) indicate that CGRP inhibitors are not associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction or stroke compared to onabotulinumtoxinA, even in older adults. Switching between ligand and receptor targets remains an effective strategy for initial non-responders. RWE establishes that anti-CGRP mAbs provide durable effectiveness and high adherence in difficult-to-treat populations. The data confirm a favorable cardiovascular safety profile, supporting their role as a cornerstone of modern migraine prevention.
Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies, Cardiovascular Safety, Prophylaxis, Medication Overuse Headache, Migraine, Real-World Evidence
Copyright (c) 2026 Dawid Studziński, Marcin Schulz, Karolina Osińska, Agnieszk Morawa, Anna Kołcz, Michał Kulczak, Konrad Turczynowski, Kamil Turczynowski, Grzegorz Machelski, Jan Gajewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MID-REGIONAL PRO-ADRENOMEDULLIN (MR-proADM) AS A DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER IN EARLY SEPSIS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Sepsis is a critical medical condition resulting from an inappropriate host response to infection, often leading to organ dysfunction and high mortality. Early diagnosis remains a significant clinical challenge due to the nonspecific nature of initial symptoms and the limited efficacy of conventional biomarkers. Commonly used markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT), provide useful information on inflammation and bacterial infections but do not adequately reflect vascular dysfunction or predict clinical deterioration. Mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) has recently gained importance as a biomarker reflecting both inflammatory processes and impaired vascular integrity. As a stable fragment of proadrenomedullin, it indirectly represents the activity of adrenomedullin, a peptide involved in maintaining endothelial function and circulatory homeostasis. Evidence from observational studies indicates that MR-proADM levels increase early in the course of infection and correlate with disease progression, organ failure, and risk of death. Compared to traditional biomarkers, MR-proADM appears to offer better prognostic performance, particularly in identifying patients at risk of severe complications. Its association with endothelial damage and microcirculatory dysfunction makes it particularly relevant to the pathophysiology of sepsis. In summary, MR-proADM may be a valuable complement to existing diagnostic tools, aiding early risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Further studies are needed to standardize its use and confirm its role in routine practice.
Sepsis, MR-proADM, Proadrenomedullin, Biomarkers, Endothelial Dysfunction, Procalcitonin, C-reactive Protein, Prognosis, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Świechowska, Sonia Mojzyk, Magdalena Wiciak, Ingrid Samberger, Julia Maria Kuczkowska, Zuzanna Zarzycka, Donata Pokorska, Zuzanna Michalska, Judyta Bordakiewicz, Agnieszka Morawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID INTAKE AND ITS IMPACT ON INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
Background: Inflammatory skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, and acne vulgaris, are chronic conditions characterized by complex immune dysregulation, compromised skin barrier function, and a significant negative impact on patient quality of life. Recently, increasing scientific attention has been directed toward the immunomodulatory potential of nutritional interventions, particularly omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs), due to their established anti-inflammatory properties. This review synthesizes and critically evaluates current evidence on the impact of n-3 FAs on these conditions, integrating clinical, epidemiological, genetic, and mechanistic perspectives. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using multiple electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Embase, to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and 2026, of which 25 met the predefined inclusion criteria. Eligible peer-reviewed original studies and systematic reviews assessed the effects of n-3 FAs on dermatological outcomes, focusing on clinical severity scales (e.g., SCORAD, PASI, GAGS), biochemical biomarkers, or genetic causal associations. The gathered evidence was categorized into five thematic domains: clinical efficacy, preventive effects, epidemiological associations, genetic evidence (Mendelian randomization), and mechanistic insights. Results: Synthesis of the literature suggests that n-3 FA supplementation is generally associated with improvements in disease severity and patient-reported outcomes, most notably in atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris. However, findings in psoriasis remain heterogeneous, with conflicting reports on clinical efficacy. Epidemiological data indicates a high prevalence of n-3 FA deficiency in acne-prone populations, although a direct causal link in observational settings remains elusive. Genetic research, specifically Mendelian randomization studies, suggests a protective role of n-3 FAs in specific inflammatory phenotypes, while also highlighting complex, context-dependent risks such as susceptibility to solar dermatitis. Mechanistically, n-3 FAs appear to modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, keratinocyte differentiation pathways, and lipid mediator profiles, providing biological plausibility for their clinical use. Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acids represent promising adjunctive therapy in the management of inflammatory skin diseases. Nonetheless, the current evidence is constrained by methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and the frequent use of combination treatments. Further well-designed, standardized clinical trials are required to establish optimal dosing regimens and clarify the independent role of n-3 FAs in dermatological practice.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis, Acne Vulgaris, Nutritional Dermatology, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Copyright (c) 2026 Marta Krężołek, Julia Dobrowolska, Alicja Palus, Filip Kamyszek, Kornel Pawlak, Marcin Stępiński, Mateusz Balicki, Oliwia Zynek, Paula Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz Arkuszyński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CLINICAL SAFETY OF NEXOBRID® IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BURN WOUNDS: A REVIEW OF CLINICAL STUDIES
Background: NexoBrid® is an enzymatic debridement agent approved as an alternative to surgical excision in the treatment of burns. While highly effective in the selective removal of necrotic tissue, its clinical safety remains a paramount consideration. Objective: The aim of this review was a systematic evaluation of the safety profile of NexoBrid in the adult population suffering from burn injuries. Materials and Methods: The literature search was performed in PubMed and Embase and included studies published from 2012 to 2026. The articles were investigated in terms of adverse events, such as pain, bleeding, infection, hypersensitivity and systemic response. Results: The analysis identified procedural pain as the most prominent complication, which was effectively managed through standardized anesthetic protocols. The risk of bleeding or infection emerged as being similar or lower compared to traditional surgical treatment. No allergic reactions or anaphylactic events were reported, likely due to implemented exclusion criteria. Minor systemic response was recorded; however it was usually mild and transient. Conclusions: NexoBrid appears to present a robust safety profile and remains a reliable alternative to tangential excision in adults.
NexoBrid; Bromelain, Burn Care, Enzymatic Debridement, Patient Safety, Adverse Events
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Cieślak, Sara Demkow, Natalia Paluszkiewicz, Zofia Leżańska, Mateusz Kwiatkowski, Sandra Bryg, Karolina Siemińska, Katarzyna Marcinkowska, Emil Pałyga, Joanna Sowińska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROCOGNITIVE COMPLICATIONS AFTER CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS: COMPLICATIONS, RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES – A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Neurocognitive complications remain a significant challenge following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), contributing to increased morbidity and long-term functional impairment. This review aims to summarize the clinical spectrum, underlying mechanisms, and emerging prevention strategies associated with these complications. A structured analysis of recent clinical studies, guidelines, and experimental data was conducted, focusing on neurological outcomes after cardiac surgery. Clinical manifestations range from acute events such as stroke and postoperative delirium to more subtle impairments described as postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Increasing attention has been given to subclinical brain injury, including silent cerebral infarctions, which may contribute to long-term cognitive decline despite the absence of overt neurological symptoms. Current evidence indicates that the pathophysiology is multifactorial. The most consistently supported mechanisms include cerebral microembolization, systemic inflammatory response, and impaired cerebral autoregulation, while other processes such as blood–brain barrier disruption and neurodegenerative changes remain less clearly defined. Despite advances in perioperative care, effective prevention remains challenging due to the complexity and overlap of these mechanisms. Improved understanding of their relative contributions may support the development of targeted strategies to minimize neurological injury. Future research should focus on standardized definitions, improved monitoring, and individualized perioperative management to reduce the burden of neurocognitive complications after CPB.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Cardiac Surgery, Extracorporeal Circulation, Postoperative Complications, Risk Factors, Prevention Strategies
Copyright (c) 2026 Radosław Januszczak, Julianna Cholewa, Agnieszka Barbara Białek, Wiktoria Bojarska, Gabriela Anna Gilarska, Bartosz Burda, Rafał Gołacki, Konrad Borkowski, Maja Sygacz, Paweł Szymonek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF HUMAN MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY GUT MICROBIOTA AND NEONATAL IMMUNITY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component of human breast milk and a key bioactive factor in early-life nutrition. This scoping review synthesizes current evidence on the role of HMOs in shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting neonatal immune development. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed original studies, clinical trials, and review articles addressing HMO structure, microbial interactions, and immunological outcomes. The available evidence indicates that HMOs act as selective substrates for beneficial bacteria, particularly infant-type bifidobacteria, while also functioning as soluble decoy receptors that may reduce pathogen attachment to the intestinal epithelium. In addition, microbial fermentation of HMOs produces short-chain fatty acids that contribute to gut barrier integrity and may influence immune regulation. Emerging clinical studies suggest that specific HMO supplementation may support microbiota development and selected health outcomes in infants, although the evidence remains heterogeneous, and more longitudinal studies are needed. Overall, HMOs appear to play an important role in the early development of the gut microbiome and neonatal immunity, but further well-designed studies are required to clarify structure–function relationships and clinical relevance.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides, Gut Microbiota, Neonatal Immunity, Immunomodulation, Neurodevelopment
Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Szyszkowska, Zofia Parol, Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Liwia Prorok, Aleksandra Potempa, Michał Petkow, Mateusz Żyła, Aleksandra Oszczypała, Katarzyna Lipska, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in modern medicine, influencing decision-making processes, diagnostics, treatment, education, and the organization of the healthcare system. Despite its significant potential for improving the quality and efficiency of medical care, the rapid development and implementation of new systems are associated with numerous and complex ethical challenges. The aim of this review is to analyze the current literature on the ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in medicine, with particular emphasis on autonomy, transparency, privacy, and accountability. The review was conducted using the PubMed and SpringerLink databases and other reliable sources, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The analysis included open-access peer-reviewed articles in English focusing on the ethical, clinical, and legal aspects of AI use in healthcare, and the selected publications were subjected to a detailed analysis. The results indicate that artificial intelligence can significantly improve clinical practice by increasing diagnostic accuracy and optimizing therapeutic processes. At the same time, significant ethical concerns remain, including the impact on patient and physician autonomy, limited transparency of systems, threats to patient privacy resulting from the processing of large datasets, and the lack of clear regulations regarding liability for decisions based on AI recommendations. The analysis also revealed interconnections between these areas. In summary, although artificial intelligence has enormous potential, its ethical implementation requires a human-centered approach, a clear regulatory framework, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, Autonomy, Privacy, Transparency, Responsibility
Copyright (c) 2026 Martyna Musiał, Anna Matusik, Kamila Kasprzycka, Monika Spaczyńska-Kwiatkowska, Wiktoria Niedziela , Zuzanna Mielniczek, Anna Szwed, Katarzyna Słowik, Gabriela Matoga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TREATMENT METHODS FOR OBESITY IN ADULTS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES – LITERATURE REVIEW
Background: Obesity is a growing public health crisis requiring timely intervention to prevent severe comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes) and improve patient survival. Aim: To evaluate current obesity therapies—lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, and experimental methods (FMT, DBS)—comparing their efficacy, complications, and required patient effort. Materials and Methods: A targeted PubMed literature review using keywords such as "obesity treatment" and "bariatric surgery." Results: Obesity has a multifactorial etiology. Lifestyle modifications are foundational but typically yield a modest weight loss of 5-10% and are limited by counter-regulatory mechanisms. Pharmacotherapy (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists) provides significant reduction (~20%), whereas bariatric surgery remains the most effective intervention for substantial, sustained weight loss and comorbidity remission. Conclusion: Standalone lifestyle interventions are often insufficient due to high weight regain rates. Optimal long-term clinical outcomes require an individualized, integrated approach combining permanent behavioral changes with appropriate pharmacological or surgical therapies.
Obesity, Overweight, Bariatric Surgery, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominika Karolak, Tymoteusz Białowąs, Natalia Sara Kuśmierowska, Monika Kuś, Grzegorz Słomkowski, Kacper Cholewiński, Daria Valipur Kolti, Milena Polak, Magdalena Natalia Nowak, Konrad Wiśniewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF PHARMACOLOGICAL VERSUS SURGICAL TREATMENT IN WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS: IMPACT ON RECURRENCE AND QUALITY OF LIFE — A REVIEW ARTICLE
Background: Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory estrogen-dependent disease affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. Although there have been significant advancements in diagnosis and management, the recurrence and sustained impaired quality of life (QoL) constitute a serious challenge for clinical care. Treatments aim at pharmacological inhibition and surgical excision, but long-term comparative outcomes are controversial. Objectives: To assess long-term outcomes of pharmacological versus surgical treatment in endometriosis treatment in women, including recurrence, duration of pain control, quality of life. Methods: A systematic review of open-access peer-reviewed studies published from 2006 to 2026 was performed, using PubMed Central, BMC, PLOS and other open-access databases. The inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and large cohort studies with ≥12 month follow-up. The included studies included were made up of thirty-five eligible studies. Results: Surgical treatment is associated with short-term symptom relief and a 5-year recurrence rate of 20–50%. Drug interventions (COCs, progestins, GnRH analogues/antagonists) provide analgesia but have a high recurrence rate on discontinuation. The incidence of the recurrence is markedly decreased as a result of combined postoperative hormonal treatment. QoL is improved in both modalities; sustained benefit associated with recurrence prevention and improved QoL is evident in each modality. Conclusions: There is no absolute cure for either modality alone. There is an indication for personalized interventions with treatment and individualized approach, surgical and long-term hormonal suppression leading to the most durable results in patients.
Endometriosis, Laparoscopic Surgery, Hormonal Therapy, GnRH Antagonists, Progestins, Chronic Pelvic Pain
Copyright (c) 2026 Urszula Marzec, Agnieszka Giza, Eliza Rajca, Aleksandra Cyrkler, Natalia Cieślak, Paulina Giza, Agata Chodkowska, Kamila Czyżak, Karol Dąbek, Karolina Wymoczył https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REHABILITATION AFTER WHIPLASH INJURY – THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPEUTIC METHODS IN LIGHT OF CLINICAL RESEARCH
Background: Whiplash–associated disorders (WAD) are frequently associated with cervical spine injuries in motor vehicle collisions. Patients commonly experience persistent pain, reduced function, and diminished quality of life. Optimal rehabilitation procedures are still contested. Objectives: The objective of this review was to assess the benefits offered by rehabilitation strategies such as exercise therapy, manual therapy, multimodal programs, psychological interventions, and patient education in WAD. Methods: A review of scientific articles published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus on studies published from 2003 until 2023. Results: Short-term pain and function improved consistently with exercise therapy. Manual therapy offered modest short-term improvement, especially with exercise. Overall, multimodal programs that included exercise, manual therapy, education, and psychological interventions showed better outcomes in pain, function, and quality of life. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychological interventions significantly improved recovery among higher-risk patients, and education promoted adherence and engagement. Conclusions: WAD rehabilitation is most likely to be successful once we recognize that active, multimodal therapy, and psychological factors influence WAD response. Early, personalized, and integrated interventions lead to better patient outcomes and may prevent chronic pain and disability.
Whiplash-Associated Disorders, Rehabilitation, Exercise Therapy, Multimodal Interventions, Neck Pain
Copyright (c) 2026 Urszula Marzec, Piotr Bartnik, Magdalena Pietrzak, Katarzyna Czechowicz, Aleksandra Bilińska, Ewa Gloc, Rafał Ejsner, Daniel Załęski, Agnieszka Giza, Eliza Rajca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATED COORDINATED CARE IN POLISH PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: AN INNOVATIVE DIAGNOSTIC MODEL BRIDGING PRIMARY AND SPECIALIST SERVICES
Primary health care (PHC) serves as the fundamental point of contact between patients and the healthcare system, playing a critical role in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of chronic diseases. This paper analyzes the Coordinated Care model in PHC (OK-POZ), introduced in Poland after 2022, as an innovative systemic solution that enables general practitioners to order diagnostic tests previously available exclusively at the specialist outpatient care level (AOS). The model encompasses five clinical pathways — cardiology, diabetology, endocrinology, pulmonology/allergology, and nephrology — and is anchored by the Individual Medical Care Plan (IPOM). The implementation of OK-POZ reduces the time from first consultation to diagnosis, decreases unnecessary specialist referrals, and lowers long-term hospitalization costs. However, significant challenges persist, including geographic inequalities in access to services, physician workforce shortages, and the lack of unified health information systems. Properly designed diagnostic algorithms within PHC substantially improve early detection of conditions such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disorders.
Primary Health Care, Coordinated Care, Diagnostics, NFZ, Chronic Diseases, Poland
Copyright (c) 2026 Weronika Spychalska, Paulina Sumlet, Aleksandra Krawczyk, Kornelia Kaźmierkiewicz-Makanga, Wiktoria Kurasińska, Filip Witowicz, Julia Glińska, Wiktoria Waldon, Katarzyna Kardas, Nikodem Szymczak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GUT MICROBIOTA AS A KEY MODULATOR OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND OBESITY: MECHANISMS, CLINICAL EVIDENCE, AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES
The global escalation of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a significant challenge to public health systems (World Health Organization, 2024). Emerging evidence identifies the gut microbiota—the complex community of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract—as a critical environmental factor influencing host energy homeostasis and inflammation (Evans et al., 2013). This review examines the intricate mechanisms through which gut dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity and MetS, including altered energy extraction, modulation of lipid metabolism, and the induction of chronic low-grade inflammation via metabolic endotoxemia (Cani et al., 2007). We synthesize current clinical evidence from human cohort studies that correlate specific microbial signatures with metabolic health (Le Chatelier et al., 2013). Furthermore, this article explores therapeutic perspectives, evaluating the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in restoring metabolic balance (Vrieze et al., 2012). A core focus is placed on the integration of advanced bioinformatic frameworks, such as the QIIME 2 pipeline and Random Forest machine learning architectures, which facilitate the transition from taxonomic description to functional, predictive modeling of the gut-metabolic axis (Knight et al., 2018; Zeevi et al., 2015). By integrating findings from molecular biology, systems engineering, and clinical trials, we conclude that the gut microbiota is a viable target for personalized therapeutic interventions in metabolic diseases (Fan & Pedersen, 2021).
Gut Microbiota, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Dysbiosis, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Inflammation
Copyright (c) 2026 Karolina Wymoczył, Natalia Cieślak, Agata Chodkowska, Aleksandra Cyrkler, Kamila Czyżak, Urszula Marzec, Karol Dąbek, Eliza Rajca, Agnieszka Giza, Paulina Giza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF ONCOLOGY THERAPIES
Cancer patients' prognosis all around the world has been much improved by treatments including conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The benefits of these choices, however, come with their own set of problems; they often lead to a lot of heart problems, which are called cancer treatment-related cardiotoxicity (CTR-C). This study provides a thorough examination combining the most recent results on a number of important aspects including the prevalence of cardiotoxicity, its underlying pathophysiology, and the critical need of strong monitoring systems. For this review, information was carefully looked at from a lot of places, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, observational research, and guideline papers. Depending on the dosage, anthracyclines have been found to induce left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and maybe even heart failure in certain persons. Furthermore, HER2-targeted medicines, while often exhibiting reversible side effects, are known for raising the risk of cardiotoxicity, especially in patients who have undergone anthracycline therapy before. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) present a particular set of difficulties since they are linked with immune-mediated myocarditis, arrhythmias, pericardial disorders, and, on rare events, vasculitis, with symptoms usually during the first cycles of treatment. The current research clearly emphasizes the critical importance of baseline cardiovascular examinations using a range of imaging modalities and biomarkers to help to detect cardiotoxicity early in individuals undergoing cancer therapy. Though this field has progressed, more study is required to improve monitoring techniques and develop individualized preventive plans to reduce the cardiovascular hazards related to cancer therapies.
Cardio‑oncology, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Cardiotoxicity, Myocarditis, Heart Failure
Copyright (c) 2026 Agnieszka Giza, Urszula Marzec, Aleksandra Cyrkler, Natalia Cieślak, Karol Dąbek, Eliza Rajca, Paulina Giza, Karolina Wymoczył, Kamila Czyżak, Agata Chodkowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TREATMENT METHODS FOR HPV-INDUCED WARTS: INTEGRATING MEDICAL THERAPIES, DIGITAL HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES, AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS - A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced warts are common dermatological conditions that impose a persistent clinical, psychosocial, and public-health burden despite their benign nature. This review aimed to synthesize current evidence on pharmacological and procedural treatments for HPV-induced warts while examining the growing role of digital health technologies and broader public-health considerations. A structured narrative review with systematic elements was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing primarily on English-language studies published between 2010 and March 2026. Evidence from clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, guidelines, and selected high-quality observational studies was qualitatively synthesized. The findings indicate that conventional therapies, particularly salicylic acid and cryotherapy, remain central to management but are limited by variable efficacy, recurrence, and adherence challenges. Emerging immunotherapeutic approaches and selected procedural modalities, including laser therapy and photodynamic therapy, offer promise for resistant lesions. In parallel, teledermatology, mobile health applications, and artificial intelligence-based image analysis are expanding opportunities for early assessment, follow-up, and patient engagement. The review concludes that optimal management of HPV-induced warts requires a multidisciplinary strategy combining evidence-based treatment, technological innovation, and public-health awareness to improve access, adherence, equity, and patient well-being.
Human Papillomavirus, Cutaneous Warts, Teledermatology, Digital Health, Artificial Intelligence, Public Health
Copyright (c) 2026 Sylwia Hejna, Weronika Smutkiewicz, Weronika Teterycz, Wiktoria Goździejewska, Łukasz Jaworek, Gabriela Zimka, Krystian Bjorgen, Lilianna Jasińska, Magdalena Roman, Martyna Lipiarz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF LONG-TERM USE OF SWEDISH SNUS ON THE RISK OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
Objective: Swedish snus is a widely used form of smokeless tobacco, often considered a less harmful alternative to cigarette smoking. The aim of this review is to evaluate the impact of long-term snus use on oral mucosal changes and to assess the risk of malignant transformation associated with these lesions. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on epidemiology, chemical composition, biological effects, and clinical manifestations of long-term snus use. Studies describing oral mucosal lesions, histopathological features, and cancer risk were analyzed. Results: Long-term use of Swedish snus leads to characteristic oral mucosal changes, most commonly presenting as well-demarcated whitish or yellowish hyperkeratotic lesions at the site of tobacco placement. Histopathological findings include epithelial thickening, hyperkeratosis, and minimal or absent dysplasia. These lesions are typically asymptomatic and often reversible after cessation of snus use. Although snus contains carcinogenic compounds such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines, epidemiological studies indicate a relatively low risk of malignant transformation compared to other forms of smokeless tobacco. No significant increase in oral cancer incidence has been demonstrated among exclusive snus users, although rare cases of malignant transformation have been reported. Conclusions: Swedish snus is not a harmless product and is associated with distinct oral mucosal changes. Despite the relatively low risk of malignant transformation, these lesions require clinical monitoring. Early detection, cessation of use, and appropriate management significantly reduce potential complications. Preventive strategies, including patient education and regular dental examinations, remain essential.
Swedish Snus, Smokeless Tobacco, Oral Mucosa, Leukoplakia, Potentially Malignant Disorders, Oral Cancer, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines, Keratosis, Histopathology, Nicotine Dependence, Oral Lesions, Cancer Risk
Copyright (c) 2026 Konrad Oskar Wiśniewski, Magdalena Natalia Nowak, Natalia Sara Kuśmierowska, Milena B. Polak, Dominika Karolak, Grzegorz Słomkowski, Monika Kuś, Tymoteusz Białowąs, Kacper Cholewiński, Daria Valipur Kolti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LINKING SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
The rapid expansion of social media use among adolescents has coincided with increasing concerns about their mental health. Rates of depressive symptoms and anxiety have risen in many countries, leading researchers to question whether intense online engagement may contribute to these trends. This article presents a narrative review of recent literature to examine current evidence on the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes in adolescents and young adults, with particular attention to problematic use, emotional investment, gender differences, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), and sleep disturbances. This study is based on a narrative review of recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and longitudinal research. Research findings indicate that the association between social media use and mental health is small but relatively consistent across studies. Importantly, overall screen time appears to be a weak predictor of psychological distress. Patterns of engagement—especially passive use, compulsive checking, and high emotional investment—show stronger associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Sleep disturbances emerge as an important mediating factor that may partially explain this link. The evidence indicates that social media is not inherently harmful. However, it may intensify existing vulnerabilities, particularly among adolescent girls. Preventive efforts should therefore focus on digital literacy, emotional regulation, and sleep hygiene rather than simple time restrictions.
Social Media, Adolescents, Depression, Anxiety, Sleep Deprivation, Problematic Use
Copyright (c) 2026 Natalia Cieślak, Agata Chodkowska, Aleksandra Cyrkler, Kamila Czyżak, Urszula Marzec, Karol Dąbek, Eliza Rajca, Agnieszka Giza, Paulina Giza, Karolina Wymoczył https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFICACY VS EFFECTIVENESS OF STATIN IN PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE- META-ANALYSIS
Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the main cause of morbidity and death globally, and many first atherosclerotic events strike people lacking previous clinical signs of the illness. Primary prevention's main pharmacological therapy is statins, but differences between their efficacy seen in randomized trials and their effectiveness in clinical practice remain a significant research topic. By combining data from randomized studies, observational studies, and evidence reviews, this study aimed to thoroughly evaluate the link between the efficacy and effectiveness of statins in primary prevention. Included analysis of main cardiovascular endpoints, the need of baseline risk, treatment intensity, and the part adherence played, a meta-analytic integrative approach was used. Independently of the kind of study, the results show a constant decrease in first cardiovascular events risk, therefore supporting the biological and clinical efficacy of statins. While the absolute benefit mostly depended on the baseline risk level, the relative risk decrease was constant across various populations. Studies using data from clinical practice revealed a somewhat smaller effect size than randomized studies, which can be attributed to variations in adherence, population heterogeneity, and implementation variables. Higher treatment intensity was related with higher risk reduction; long-term treatment tolerance's relevance was paramount here. To be clear, statins are a successful treatment in the first prevention of cardiovascular disease; their most noticeable advantages are seen in individuals with moderate to high risk. Better compliance, accurate risk stratification, and optimization of treatment deployment are all necessary to close the efficacy-effectiveness divide.
Statins, Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Efficacy vs Effectiveness, Real-World Evidence, Cardiovascular Risk Stratification, Meta-Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Eliza Rajca, Agnieszka Giza, Urszula Marzec, Aleksandra Cyrkler, Natalia Cieślak, Karol Dąbek, Paulina Giza, Karolina Wymoczył, Kamila Czyżak, Agata Chodkowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TREATMENT METHODS OF DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES. A LITERATURE REVIEW
Background. Fractures of the distal radius are a significant problem in orthopedics considering their frequency and high cost of treatment. Aim. Due to these factors and the development of technology, the aim of the study is to review available treatment methods. Material and methods. A review of treatment methods of distal radius fractures is presented based on the available literature of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Result. Treatment of a fracture of the distal part of the radius should begin after its correct diagnosis, based on an interview, physical examination and a properly taken X-ray. The choice of treatment method depends on the type of fracture suffered by the patient and its impact on the patient's anatomy and functioning. Conclusion. The most common type of fracture is Colles fracture, and the most popular method of treating DRF is closed reduction of bone fragments and conservative treatment with plaster cast. However, volar plating is becoming a modern option and provides an opportunity for early mobilization and a fast return to work.
Radius, DRF, Reduction, Immobilization, Stabilization, ORIF
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Grobecki, Damian Machaj, Aleksandra Mazurek, Barbara Bicka, Wojciech Nowicki, Szymon Pieczara, Jakub Polak, Wiktoria Józefowicz, Jakub Lis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOLOGIC AND TARGETED SYSTEMIC THERAPIES FOR MODERATE-TO-SEVERE PLAQUE PSORIASIS IN EUROPE: A REVIEW OF MECHANISMS, EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL POSITIONING
Major advances in the understanding of psoriasis immunopathogenesis have reshaped the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Identification of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the IL-23/Th17 axis as central drivers of disease has led to the development of biologic and targeted systemic therapies capable of achieving substantially improved disease control and patient outcomes. This review examines the principal biologic and targeted systemic therapies currently used in Europe, including TNF-α, IL-12/23, IL-17, and IL-23 inhibitors, as well as apremilast. We discuss their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, durability of response, safety profiles, and therapeutic positioning on the basis of pivotal trials, extension studies, network meta-analyses, and real-world evidence. Among currently available agents, IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors generally provide the greatest levels of skin clearance, whereas TNF-α inhibitors continue to occupy an important place in selected clinical contexts, particularly in patients with concomitant psoriatic arthritis. Ustekinumab remains a well-established option with durable efficacy and convenient administration, while apremilast retains relevance in patients for whom an oral non-biologic approach is preferred. Taken together, current evidence supports a shift from broad immunosuppression toward mechanism-based, individualized therapy. In contemporary psoriasis care, treatment selection should be guided not only by efficacy, but also by long-term safety, durability, comorbidities, and patient-specific considerations.
Psoriasis, Plaque Psoriasis, Biologic Therapy, Targeted Therapy, TNF-Α Inhibitors, IL-17 Inhibitors, IL-23 Inhibitors
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Kujach, Julia Góralska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMAGING FOR PRRT SELECTION AND RESPONSE ASSESSMENT IN NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS: IS SSTR PET/CT SUFFICIENT?
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has emerged as an established treatment option for selected patients with advanced somatostatin receptor (SSTR) – positive neuroendocrine neoplasms, particularly well – differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP – NETs). In this setting, imaging is central not only to treatment selection, but also to biological risk stratification and post-treatment response evaluation. This structured narrative review examines the role of SSTR PET/CT, 18F – FDG PET/CT, and conventional cross – sectional imaging in PRRT candidate selection and response assessment. The literature search was performed in PubMed and focused on studies published from 2015 onward, with additional targeted identification of landmark clinical trials, consensus statements, and practice recommendations. Available evidence indicates that baseline SSTR PET/CT is essential for PRRT eligibility assessment, however, receptor positivity alone may be insufficient in biologically heterogeneous disease. In selected patients, particularly those with intermediate- or high-grade tumors, rapid progression, or discordance between clinical behavior and receptor imaging findings, 18F-FDG PET/CT provides complementary information on tumor aggressiveness and lesion-level heterogeneity. After PRRT, response assessment continues to rely predominantly on CT or MRI and RECIST 1.1, although this framework remains suboptimal in indolent, multifocal, bone-predominant, or mixed-response disease. Overall, current evidence supports a multimodal imaging strategy in which SSTR PET/CT remains the central theranostic tool, but is interpreted in conjunction with clinical context, cross-sectional imaging, and selective use of 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms, Neuroendocrine Tumors, PRRT, SSTR PET/CT, 18F-FDG PET/CT, Response Assessment
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION AND MOOD DISORDERS: CURRENT EVIDENCE ON DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING
Hormonal contraception remains one of the most widely used methods of pregnancy prevention worldwide and is an integral part of contemporary reproductive healthcare. In addition to its contraceptive role, hormonal therapy is frequently prescribed for dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, acne, polycystic ovary syndrome, heavy menstrual bleeding, and premenstrual disorders. Although these benefits are well established, the potential relationship between hormonal contraceptive use and mental health has become a subject of growing scientific and clinical interest. Particular attention has been directed toward depression, anxiety, emotional instability, reduced well-being, and suicidal behavior (Mu & Kulkarni, 2022). This review summarizes current evidence on the association between hormonal contraceptive methods and mood-related outcomes. It considers combined oral contraceptives, progestin-only pills, hormonal intrauterine devices, implants, injectable contraceptives, transdermal patches, and vaginal rings. Several large observational studies suggest that hormonal contraception may be associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, or first diagnosis of depression, especially among adolescents, first-time users, and women using progestin-only formulations (Skovlund et al., 2016). Longitudinal findings further indicate that exposure to oral contraceptives during adolescence may be linked to later vulnerability to major depressive disorder (Anderl et al., 2020). The evidence, however, is not uniform. Some women report worsening mood symptoms after initiating hormonal contraception, whereas others experience improved emotional stability, particularly when contraception reduces menstrual-related mood fluctuations or symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (Lewis et al., 2019). Proposed mechanisms include changes in serotonergic signaling, neurosteroid synthesis, GABAergic activity, stress reactivity, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation (Ciarcia & Huckins, 2024). Overall, psychiatric responses to hormonal contraception vary considerably between patients. Factors such as age, psychiatric history, hormonal formulation, biological susceptibility, and psychosocial context should therefore be considered carefully during contraceptive counseling.
Hormonal Contraception, Depression, Anxiety, Mood Disorders, Emotional Well-Being, Oral Contraceptives
Copyright (c) 2026 Klaudia Borowa, Patrycja Szczygielska, Weronika Teterycz, Gabriela Zimka , Magdalena Roman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CAFFEINE AS A CARDIOPROTECTIVE AND CARDIOTOXIC AGENT: A REVIEW OF RECENT EVIDENCE
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance worldwide and is ingested daily in coffee, tea, cocoa, energy drinks, and dietary supplements. Its cardiovascular effects remain controversial because both beneficial and harmful associations have been reported. This review synthesizes recent evidence on the cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of caffeine, with particular attention to dose-response relationships, habitual versus acute exposure, product type, arrhythmias, blood pressure, heart failure, endothelial function, and genetic variability in caffeine metabolism. Available evidence from large cohort studies and reviews indicates that moderate habitual intake, particularly from traditional coffee consumption, is generally associated with a favorable cardiovascular profile, including lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and a lower risk of incident heart failure in some populations (Chieng et al., 2022; Poole et al., 2017; Stevens et al., 2021). Moderate intake does not appear to increase atrial fibrillation risk in the general population and may be neutral or modestly favorable in observational studies (Caldeira et al., 2013; Cheng et al., 2014; Surma et al., 2023). In contrast, acute high-dose exposure, especially from energy drinks and concentrated stimulant products, may increase blood pressure, provoke sympathetic overstimulation, and contribute to electrocardiographic changes such as QTc prolongation in susceptible individuals (Mandato et al., 2025; Voskoboinik et al., 2019). These effects are modified by individual metabolic variability, especially CYP1A2-related differences, lifestyle factors, baseline tolerance, and co-exposures (Cornelis et al., 2006; Palatini et al., 2009). Overall, the cardiovascular effects of caffeine are best understood as dose dependent, context dependent, and biologically heterogeneous. Moderate intake appears generally safe for most healthy adults, whereas high-dose products warrant greater caution and more personalized guidance.
Caffeine, Coffee, Cardiovascular Health, Arrhythmias, Heart Failure, Energy Drinks
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalena Kossmann, Laura Szalewska, Amin Abdulgater, Paulina Osuch-Tomaszewska, Wiktoria Urowska, Jędrzej Łysiak, Izabela Kazubek-Fuksiewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JAK INHIBITORS IN ATOPIC DERMATITIS: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS – A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and severe pruritus that significantly impairs quality of life. In recent years, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have emerged as an important therapeutic option for patients with moderate-to-severe AD due to their rapid onset of action and ability to inhibit multiple cytokine pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence regarding the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, safety profile, and practical use of JAK inhibitors in AD. A literature search of recent clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and international guidelines was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and major dermatological journals. Available evidence demonstrates that selective JAK1 inhibitors such as upadacitinib and abrocitinib provide rapid reduction of pruritus and significant improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores. Baricitinib has also shown clinical benefit in selected patient populations. Despite strong efficacy, treatment with JAK inhibitors requires careful patient selection and monitoring because of potential risks including infections, laboratory abnormalities, cardiovascular events, and thromboembolic complications. Current evidence supports JAK inhibitors as valuable systemic therapies for patients with moderate-to-severe AD, particularly when rapid disease control is required. Long-term studies and real-world evidence remain essential for further optimization of treatment strategies and safety assessment.
Atopic Dermatitis, JAK Inhibitors, Upadacitinib, Abrocitinib, Baricitinib, Biologic Therapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Patrycja Stankowska, Ivanna Ilkiv, Konrad Adler, Zuzanna Gebert , Agata Kucharska, Magdalena Dłużewska, Agnieszka Zaręba, Dawid Juszkiewicz, Krzysztof Kiełczewski, Barbara Fetner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: DIAGNOSTIC VALUE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY CONSIDERATIONS
Autoimmune diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to tissue damage and progressive multisystem involvement. Early diagnosis remains challenging because these conditions often develop gradually and initially present with nonspecific systemic symptoms. The oral cavity represents an important yet frequently underrecognized diagnostic site due to its unique immunological environment, including rapid epithelial turnover, rich vascularization, constant antigen exposure, and complex microbiota. In many patients, early autoimmune activity manifests first as oral mucosal lesions, salivary gland dysfunction, gingival abnormalities, or characteristic inflammatory patterns before more typical systemic signs appear. This review summarizes the oral manifestations associated with major autoimmune diseases, including Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, oral lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, and celiac disease, and discusses their immunopathological basis. The paper highlights the critical role of dental professionals in early detection and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among dentists and medical specialists. Strengthened medical–dental cooperation may improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce delays in treatment initiation, and contribute to better overall patient outcomes.
Autoimmune Illnesses, Oral Symptoms, Early Diagnosis, Interdisciplinary Treatment, Oral Mucosal Pathology, Systemic Inflammation
Copyright (c) 2026 Paulina Giza, Agnieszka Giza, Urszula Marzec, Aleksandra Cyrkler , Natalia Cieślak, Karol Dąbek, Eliza Rajca, Karolina Wymoczył, Agata Chodkowska, Kamila Czyżak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON MENTAL HEALTH IN ADOLESCENTS – LITERATURE REVIEW
In this era of rapid technological advancement, and consequently the rise of social media, these platforms have become an integral part of adolescents’ daily lives. Adolescence is a unique period characterized by lower sensitivity to criticism and a stronger need for acceptance by others; therefore, excessive and inappropriate use of social media can have negative consequences. These include the risk of developing depression and anxiety, as well as reduced self-esteem. The aim of our study was to analyze the impact of social media on the mental health and well-being of adolescents. In our study, we considered both the positive aspects and the negative impact on development and mental health. To obtain high-quality and up-to-date data, we conducted a literature review using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on studies published between 2020 and 2025. A detailed analysis of the studies we selected—including ABCD, HBSC, and LIFECOURSE—highlights the complexity of the topic and the need to evaluate it on multiple levels, taking into account various factors influencing the results. The studies we analyzed demonstrated that intensive social media use during adolescence often correlates with higher levels of social anxiety and depression. This problem particularly affects girls, who are more vulnerable to the negative public health effects of social media use. In addition, the “LifeOnSoMe” study confirmed that negative experiences with social media are more strongly linked to the onset of mental health disorders than the amount of time spent using social media. However, the results of a study conducted in the UK suggest that, when socioeconomic status is taken into account, the impact of social media use on mental health is reduced. The most important protective factor in preventing the onset of mental health disorders induced by social media use is parental support and the development of appropriate digital hygiene.
Social Media, Mental Health, Adolescent, Depression
Copyright (c) 2026 Michał Niespodziewański, Lilianna Jasińska , Patrycja Szczygielska, Sylwia Hejna, Weronika Teterycz, Gabriela Zimka, Łukasz Jaworek, Krystian Bjorgen, Weronika Goździejewska , Weronika Smutkiewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME: CURRENT DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FROM SOCIOECONOMIC AND HEALTHCARE PERSPECTIVES — A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) is the second most common compressive neuropathy of the upper extremity, with an estimated prevalence of 1.8–5.9% in the general population. It represents a significant clinical and socio-economic problem, contributing to pain, functional impairment, and reduced work productivity. Aim: This narrative review aims to summarize current evidence on the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for CuTS, with particular emphasis on clinical outcomes and implications for healthcare systems. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using the PubMed database, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical studies published between 2017 and 2026. Results: CuTS pathophysiology involves mechanical compression, traction, and ischemia of the ulnar nerve. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination supported by electrodiagnostic testing and ultrasound. Conservative treatment is effective in mild cases, while surgical techniques, including decompression and anterior transposition, show favorable outcomes. No single surgical method has demonstrated clear superiority. Treatment outcomes are influenced by disease severity and duration. From a healthcare perspective, delayed diagnosis is associated with increased costs and higher rates of surgical intervention. Conclusion: CuTS requires an individualized, evidence-based approach. Early diagnosis and optimized treatment strategies may improve clinical outcomes while reducing healthcare costs and socio-economic burden. Future approaches should focus on improving diagnostic pathways and access to cost-effective interventions.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, Ulnar Neuropathy, Diagnosis, Management, Healthcare Systems, Socio-Economic Factors
Copyright (c) 2026 Paweł Budzik, Karolina Kornatowska, Mateusz Wiekiera, Adrianna Wiekiera, Szymon Kopciał, Jonatan Rataj, Justyna Jankowska, Mateusz Michał Pysiewicz, Szymon Marciszuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE IN OPHTHALMIC TELEMEDICINE: CHALLENGES, EQUITY GAPS, AND STRATEGIES FOR INCLUSIVE VISION CARE - REVIEW
Purpose: This narrative review aims to evaluate the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in teleophthalmology and to identify the socio-technical barriers, specifically the "digital divide," that hinder equitable access to digital vision care. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering studies from 2013 to 2026. The search focused on AI diagnostic performance in major ocular diseases (DR, glaucoma, AMD) and socio-behavioral studies regarding technology adoption among visually impaired and underserved populations. Results: AI algorithms demonstrated expert-level diagnostic accuracy, with autonomous systems for diabetic retinopathy achieving sensitivities over 87% in real-world settings. However, a significant "socio-technological paradox" was identified: while technology reduces physical barriers, nearly 50% of visually impaired users require external assistance to navigate digital platforms. Furthermore, data poverty and algorithmic bias across different ethnic groups (with AUC variances up to 0.08) represent critical equity gaps. Global implementation models, such as the "Hub-and-Spoke" system in India, show promise in mitigating these divides through frugal innovation. Conclusions: While teleophthalmology and AI have the potential to transform vision care, their success depends on a strategic shift toward universal design and health-justice principles. To prevent the deepening of existing health disparities, technological innovation must be integrated with professional leadership and community-based digital literacy initiatives.
Teleophthalmology, Digital Divide, Health Equity, Accessible Healthcare Technology, Vision Care Delivery, Digital Health Inclusion
Copyright (c) 2026 Weronika Matwiejuk, Karolina Bartoszewska, Iga Kwiecień, Wojciech Ługowski, Julia Samek, Jakub Komorowski-Roszkiewicz, Kamil Dziekoński, Karol Marcyś https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY ON METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS, VASCULAR RESILIENCE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR SAFETY IN HYPOGONADAL MEN: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE METABOLIC-VASCULAR AXIS AND PRECISION ENDOCRINE REHABILITATION (2018–2026)
The clinical management of hypogonadism in aging males has shifted toward a multimodal strategy centered on metabolic stabilization and vascular protection. This review evaluates the impact of testosterone replacement therapy on metabolic homeostasis, vascular resilience, and cardiovascular safety, incorporating evidence available through 2026. Data from landmark clinical trials, including the Testosterone for Diabetes Mellitus (T4DM) and the Testosterone Replacement Therapy for Assessment of Long-term Vascular Events and Efficacy Response (TRAVERSE) studies, indicate that testosterone replacement therapy improves glycemic control and reduces visceral adiposity. Reductions in glycated hemoglobin typically range from 0.6% to 1.2%, accompanied by a decrease in insulin resistance as measured by the HOMA-IR index. Testosterone replacement therapy enhances vascular resilience by improving flow-mediated dilation and promoting nitric oxide bioavailability. These changes contribute to systemic reductions in systolic blood pressure. The TRAVERSE trial provides evidence that testosterone replacement therapy is non-inferior to placebo regarding major adverse cardiovascular events in high-risk populations, which addresses historical safety concerns. However, the results emphasize the necessity of rigorous clinical monitoring, particularly concerning hematocrit levels and prostate-specific antigen to mitigate risks of erythrocytosis. Monitored testosterone replacement therapy is an effective modality for disrupting the cycle of obesity and insulin resistance while reinforcing the cardiovascular system in hypogonadal men. A precision medicine approach to dosing and delivery systems is essential for optimizing long-term health outcomes.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy, Metabolic Syndrome, Cardiovascular Safety, Hypogonadism, Endothelial Function, T4DM, TRAVERSE Trial
Copyright (c) 2026 Kinga Karczewska, Małgorzata Ziółek, Kornelia Domagała, Magdalena Maroszek, Kamil Szymczak, Bartosz Janik, Ariadna Bakier, Jagoda Kuniewicz, Michał Tokarczyk, Julia Kuczkowska, Milena Wątek, Maria Skorupa, Małgorzata Kurowska, Tomasz Piszczek, Andrzej Samujilik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF SGLT2 INHIBITORS - A LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction: Sodium‑glucose cotransporter‑2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have rapidly become foundational in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and heart failure (HF), offering robust glycemic control and cardioprotective and renoprotective benefits. However, despite their favorable efficacy profile, clinicians must recognize and monitor for known adverse events associated with this drug class. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to systematically analyze and synthesize current evidence regarding the adverse effects associated with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Particular emphasis was placed on identifying the most frequently reported complications, evaluating their underlying mechanisms, and assessing their clinical relevance in various patient populations. The study also sought to determine potential risk factors predisposing patients to these adverse outcomes and to discuss implications for clinical practice. Material and methods: This study was designed as a review of the available literature. A structured search of biomedical databases was undertaken to identify peer-reviewed publications addressing adverse effects associated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Eligible sources included original research articles, randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. Studies were selected according to their relevance and scientific rigor. Extracted data focused on the frequency, mechanisms, and clinical implications of reported adverse events. The collected evidence was synthesized descriptively to present a comprehensive overview of the safety profile of this therapeutic class. Results and Conclusions: Common complications include genitourinary infections, especially genital mycotic infections, which are consistently reported across studies, and urinary tract infections, though the latter’s magnitude of risk may vary by agent and population subgroup. Meta‑analyses suggest increased risks of diabetic ketoacidosis, particularly in its euglycemic form, and osmotic diuresis‑related events such as volume depletion and hypotension. Serious but rare events identified in pharmacovigilance data include limb amputations. While SGLT2 inhibitors may not significantly elevate overall serious adverse event incidence in controlled settings, the risk profile requires careful patient selection and monitoring. SGLT2 inhibitors retain an overall favorable benefit–risk balance when used appropriately. Nevertheless, clinicians should maintain vigilance for specific complications—especially genitourinary infections and metabolic disturbances—and tailor therapy with risk stratification and preventive strategies. Continued surveillance and research are warranted to optimize long‑term safety.
SGLT2 Inhibitors, Adverse Effects, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Genitourinary Infections, Hypotension, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Surowiec, Małgorzata Kawiorska, Adrianna Świerzyńska, Aleksandra Cieciora, Mateusz Cieciora, Natalia Jankowska, Aleksandra Simlat, Ilona Mariańska-Wiśniewska, Angelika Szwaj, Tomasz Puszkiel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LUNG CANCER IN NEVER SMOKERS: AN ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL PROFILES, AND THERAPEUTIC INNOVATIONS WITHIN A SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) is a clinically and biologically distinct disease- it is not simply a milder version of tobacco-related lung cancer. Every year, LCINS causes an estimated 200,000 deaths in the United States alone, making it more deadly than cancers of the cervix, ovary, or pancreas considered separately. Up to one in four people diagnosed with lung cancer has never smoked. This review examines why- tracing the environmental, genetic, and socioeconomic forces driving a disease that ranks among the top ten causes of cancer death worldwide. We conducted a systematic analysis of current literature focused on three main themes: the epidemiological shift in lung cancer, the molecular biology of LCINS- especially the EGFR and ALK pathways- and the psychosocial damage caused by the "smoker’s disease" label. Key findings show clear regional differences: in East Asia, never smokers make up over 50% of all lung cancer patients, driven by specific genetic vulnerabilities and environmental exposures such as cooking fumes and PM2.5 air pollution. The review also highlights the growing role of artificial intelligence in radiology and liquid biopsy for early detection- tools that could fundamentally change how we identify LCINS before it becomes incurable. A core finding is that current screening programs, designed around tobacco use, miss the majority of never-smoker patients. A shift to risk-based, technology-enhanced screening is urgently needed. Finally, this analysis argues that social science, specifically addressing stigma and health equity, must be integrated into clinical oncology if we want to improve outcomes globally.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Zofia Parol, Mateusz Żyła, Aleksandra Oszczypała, Aleksandra Potempa, Michał Petkow, Liwia Prorok, Katarzyna Lipska, Monika Szyszkowska, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MULTIMORBIDITY AND POLYPHARMACY IN OLDER ADULTS: CHALLENGES FOR HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS AND STRATEGIES FOR MEDICATION OPTIMIZATION — A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Population aging has contributed to a substantial increase in multimorbidity and polypharmacy among older adults worldwide. The coexistence of multiple chronic diseases frequently requires complex pharmacotherapy, increasing the risk of medication-related harm and adverse clinical outcomes. Beyond clinical consequences, polypharmacy represents an important public health and healthcare system challenge associated with increased hospitalization rates, healthcare expenditure, and growing demand for interdisciplinary care. Aim: The aim of this narrative review was to summarize current evidence regarding multimorbidity and polypharmacy in older adults and to discuss contemporary strategies for medication optimization and deprescribing from both clinical and public health perspectives. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar database. Contemporary peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2026 focusing on epidemiology, adverse outcomes, inappropriate prescribing, medication review, deprescribing interventions, and healthcare system implications in older adults were included. Results: Current evidence demonstrates that polypharmacy is strongly associated with adverse drug reactions, falls, frailty, hospitalization, cognitive decline, and increased mortality risk. Recent studies additionally indicate that medication review, multidisciplinary interventions, pharmacist-led care, and deprescribing strategies may improve medication appropriateness, reduce inappropriate prescribing, and decrease treatment burden among older adults. Conclusions: Effective management of polypharmacy requires patient-centered care, interdisciplinary collaboration, and healthcare system-level interventions aimed at improving medication safety and optimizing clinical outcomes in aging populations.
Polypharmacy, Multimorbidity, Older Adults, Public Health, Healthcare Systems, Deprescribing
Copyright (c) 2026 Urszula Przewoźna, Gabriela Stępień, Izabela Szubert, Jakub Lamorski, Julia Suchecka , Karolina Chudecka, Katarzyna Józwa, Michał Chylewski, Aleksandra Kędzierska, Wiktor Nesterak, Jędrzej Łysiak, Amin Abdulgater, Leonard Bühner https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FROM NEUROCHEMISTRY TO REHABILITATION: HOW DOES MUSIC MODIFY THE FUNCTIONING OF THE HUMAN BODY?
Background: In light of the rising prevalence of lifestyle diseases, including progressive dementia, chronic pain, and cardiovascular disease, conventional drug therapy frequently entails adverse effects and is often ineffective in enhancing quality of life. Recent advancements in neuroimaging technology, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have provided substantial evidence to support the notion that music constitutes a potent biological stimulus, capable of inducing significant alterations in brain structures. Aim: The aim of this article is to present a synthetic overview of current knowledge on the impact of sound stimuli on specific areas of health and to indicate the clinical potential of their regular use in the process of modern rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the extant scientific literature and meta-analyses, primarily published between 2015 and 2025, was conducted. The analysis encompassed studies which focus on mechanisms such as musical memory preservation in neurodegeneration, non-pharmacological analgesia and the phenomenon of biological rhythm synchronization (entrainment). Results: Research has demonstrated that in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, the regions of the brain associated with musical memory exhibit significantly less atrophy compared to those involved in episodic memory. This finding suggests that music can serve as a stabilising "anchor" in communication, thereby reducing anxiety. In the context of pain management, the mechanism of musical analgesia has been substantiated. The activation of descending pain inhibition pathways, concomitant with the release of endogenous opioids, engenders a reduction in analgesic doses. Moreover, research has demonstrated that synchronising the heart rate with the tempo of music facilitates non-pharmacological stabilisation of heart rate and blood pressure Conclusions: Music has been demonstrated to be a safe and cost-effective method of supporting rehabilitation (Smith, 2020). The impact of regular sound stimulation on the nervous and endocrine systems is quantifiable. It has been demonstrated that such stimulation supports cognitive function in people with dementia and optimises the recovery process by reducing pain and physiological stress.
Music Therapy, Dementia, Musical Analgesia, Rehabilitation
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Skorupa, Szymon Piosik, Paulina Pawłowska , Anna Sekunda, Marek Kochański, Natalia Marko, Gabriela Sępek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROPLASTICITY AND COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH MENTAL ARITHMETIC: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ABACUS-BASED TRAINING IN CHILDREN
Background: Traditional mathematical education primarily engages the verbal-phonological loop of working memory. This systematic review evaluates the cognitive impact of Abacus-Based Mental Calculation (AMC), a specialized mental arithmetic (MA) training that facilitates a transition from linguistic processing to a dynamic "mental blackboard" representational format. The study aims to characterize the causal relationship between systematic practice and the optimization of neurocognitive plasticity, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. Methods: A thematic synthesis was conducted on high-quality, peer-reviewed studies (primarily 2019–2026), including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal interventions involving children aged 6–12. The review integrates behavioral outcomes, such as standardized IQ scores (Raven’s Matrices), with neurobiological markers obtained via fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Results: Evidence confirms that long-term MA training (12–24 months) induces significant "far-transfer" effects, notably enhancing fluid intelligence and visuospatial reasoning. Neuroimaging data reveal structural reorganization, including increased gray matter volume in the superior parietal lobule (SPL) and medial temporal lobe (MTL), alongside improved white matter integrity in the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Furthermore, experts demonstrate higher neural efficiency in prefrontal regions and enhanced specialized activation in the frontal pole (BA10) during executive tasks. Conclusion: Mental arithmetic serves as a powerful, low-cost cognitive technology that fundamentally reshapes the brain's functional architecture. The findings underscore the importance of intervention intensity, where sustained practice leads to permanent neurocognitive reorganization. Integrating MA into early childhood education offers a strategic framework for enhancing intellectual potential and fostering cognitive resilience in an information-dense world.
Mental Arithmetic (MA), Abacus-Based Mental Calculation (AMC), Neurocognitive Plasticity, Fluid Intelligence, Visuospatial Working Memory, Far-Transfer Effects, Frontoparietal Network, Child Development
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Dobrowolska, Alicja Palus, Filip Kamyszek, Kornel Pawlak, Marcin Stępiński, Marta Krężołek, Mateusz Balicki, Oliwia Zynek, Paula Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz Arkuszyński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOBILE HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FOR SMOKING CESSATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF EFFECTIVENESS AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Mobile health (mHealth) interventions, including smartphone applications and SMS-based programs, have emerged as widely used tools for smoking cessation [12,27]; however, their clinical effectiveness remains inconsistent across studies [1,5,8]. This narrative literature review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the effectiveness of mHealth interventions for smoking cessation, with particular emphasis on clinical outcomes, user engagement, and underlying behavioral mechanisms. A literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify peer-reviewed studies evaluating mobile or app-based cessation interventions. A total of 27 studies, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and systematic reviews, were included and analyzed using thematic synthesis. The findings indicate that mHealth interventions are often associated with higher abstinence rates compared to control conditions [3,19], with reported quit rates ranging from 9% to 30% [3,19], although results are heterogeneous and not consistently significant [1,5,8]. Increased user engagement is frequently linked to improved adherence and, in some cases, better cessation outcomes [2,25]; however, this relationship is not uniformly observed [2,8]. Behavioral components, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and coping strategies, are commonly integrated but demonstrate variable effectiveness [3,14,15]. Similarly, app features, user experience, and population-specific adaptations contribute to engagement but show inconsistent associations with clinical outcomes [1,5,21]. Overall, the evidence suggests that mHealth interventions offer potential benefits for smoking cessation, yet their effectiveness appears to depend on the interaction between user characteristics, engagement patterns, and intervention design rather than any single component. These findings highlight the need for more standardized and methodologically robust research to clarify the determinants of success and bridge the efficacy-effectiveness gap in digital smoking cessation.
Mobile Health, Smoking Cessation, Smartphone Applications, Digital Interventions, User Engagement, Behavior Change
Copyright (c) 2026 Mateusz Balicki, Marta Krężołek, Julia Dobrowolska, Kornel Pawlak, Marcin Stępiński, Paula Kaczmarczyk, Alicja Palus, Oliwia Zynek, Tomasz Arkuszyński, Filip Kamyszek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRUST AND RELIABILITY OF AI SYSTEMS IN EARLY CANCER DIAGNOSTICS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are now embedded in many early cancer diagnostic workflows, with selected systems matching or surpassing human readers in mammography, low-dose computed tomography, colonoscopy, dermoscopy, and digital pathology. Whether such tools can be safely scaled depends on more than headline accuracy. Clinicians, patients, regulators, and health systems must be able to trust them and rely on their behaviour across diverse populations and over time. This narrative review draws together evidence from PubMed and PubMed Central published between 2018 and 2026, with priority given to randomised trials, large prospective studies, systematic reviews, and authoritative regulatory analyses. We examine six interrelated dimensions of trust and reliability: diagnostic performance against clinical reference standards; external validity and generalisability across populations, scanners, and time; algorithmic bias and health equity; transparency through explainable AI methods; human–AI interaction, including automation bias; and the evolving regulatory landscape under the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Union AI Act. Recent evidence shows that well-validated AI can raise cancer detection rates and reduce reader workload in real-world screening. Reliability, however, is constrained by limited external validation, demographic under-representation, opaque decision-making, and uneven post-market surveillance. Trust in this domain is not an intrinsic property of any single model. It emerges from rigorous validation, transparent reporting, equitable performance, regulatory oversight, and meaningful human oversight maintained throughout the lifecycle of every deployed tool.
Artificial Intelligence, Early Cancer Detection, Algorithmic Bias, Explainable AI, Clinical Validation, Regulatory Oversight
Copyright (c) 2026 Emil Pałyga, Mateusz Kwiatkowski, Zofia Leżańska, Katarzyna Marcinkowska, Aleksandra Cieślak, Sara Demkow, Karolina Siemińska, Joanna Sowińska, Natalia Paluszkiewicz, Sandra Bryg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BURNOUT AMONG MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONAL PROGRAMS
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare systems worldwide, leading to widespread burnout and psychological distress among medical staff. Although the immediate crisis has passed, long-term mental health effects and weaknesses in healthcare institutions continue. Objectives: This review aims to measure how common burnout is among medical workers after COVID-19. It also examines the main risk factors and evaluates how effective different intervention programs are. Materials and Methods: The review includes quantitative studies, randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional surveys, and longitudinal cohort studies published from January 2020 to February 2026. Results: Occupational burnout reached its highest point in 2022, then dropped to 35.4% in 2023, but this is still higher than before the pandemic. Among nurses, burnout rates were especially high at 59.5%, with 36.1% experiencing severe emotional exhaustion. Individual-level interventions helped reduce stress and exhaustion in the short term, but lasting recovery depends on organizational changes like reducing workload, building peer support systems, and improving psychological safety. Conclusions: Healthcare systems need major changes after pandemic. Solving staffing shortages means focusing on ethical support and always keeping patient care as the top priority.
Occupational Burnout, Healthcare Workers, Post-Pandemic, Organizational Interventions, Psychological Distress
Copyright (c) 2026 Mateusz Żyła, Zofia Parol, Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Aleksandra Oszczypała, Aleksandra Potempa, Michał Petkow, Liwia Prorok, Katarzyna Lipska, Monika Szyszkowska, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WEARABLE HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS – A LITERATURE REVIEW
Research Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to assess the current state of knowledge regarding wearable health technologies and their role in preventive medicine, with particular emphasis on their clinical, behavioral, and social implications. This article focuses on the impact of wearable devices on the cardiovascular system, includingatrial fibrillation detection and sleep monitoring. Furthermore, the impact of these devices on changing patient health behaviors and their integration into the healthcare system was discussed. Methods: This article is literature review hich synthesizes 33 articles on the impact of wearable devices on sleep monitoring and preventive medicine, particularly cardiovascular diseases. The review focused on themes such as measurement accuracy, clinical applications, technological advancements, and behavioral and social impacts. Results: Wearable devices are advanced tools capable of continuously monitoring physiological parameters. The integration of sensors, wireless communication technologies, and artificial intelligence enables real-time data collection and predictive analysis. These devices aid in the early detection of cardiovascular abnormalities (e.g., atrial fibrillation), sleep disorders, and metabolic conditions. This article addresses the limitations of measurement accuracy and challenges associated with data interpretation. Furthermore, behavioral benefits are identified, including increased health awareness and motivation for physical activity. Conclusion: Wearable technologies, thanks to their continuous monitoring capabilities, can be a key to early diagnosis and behavior modification. Their effectiveness depends on technological capabilities, user engagement, and the healthcare system's readiness to integrate patient-generated data. To increase their importance in medicine, we must focus on standardization, algorithm transparency, cybersecurity, and equal access for all users.
Wearable Devices, Digital Health, Health Monitoring, Sleep Tracking, Preventive Medicine, Disease Prevention
Copyright (c) 2026 Ewa Maria Polewczak Karp, Agnieszka Szwed, Aleksandra Sołtys, Daria Aleksandra Warzocha-Żurek, Katarzyna Anna Borzęcka , Katarzyna Wawrzonek, Krystian Andryszko, Marcelina Dymon, Natalia Matylda Ziemba-Furgała, Paulina Krysa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BROAD APPLICATIONS OF CONSUMER-GRADE EEG DEVICES: FROM CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS TO BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES – LITERATURE REVIEW
Research Objective: This review article aims to assess the rapidly growing market for commercial electroencephalography (EEG) devices and analyze their transition from sterile laboratory conditions to a variety of real-world applications. The paper examines the technological evolution of wireless systems and their effectiveness in clinical, social, and engineering fields. Methods: This article synthesizes the current scientific literature on mobile EEG platforms, such as the Emotiv and Muse systems, and Ear-EEG technologies. Applications are classified by clinical specialties, behavioral monitoring, and novel brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies, while also assessing validation studies against the "gold standard" of medical equipment. Results: The analysis demonstrates that modern consumer-grade EEG devices, supported by machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence, provide high diagnostic accuracy in detecting sleep disorders, neurodegenerative markers (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), and psychiatric conditions (anxiety, depression, ADHD). Furthermore, the review identifies key advances in emergency neurology, addiction monitoring, and intraoperative safety. Emerging fields such as ethical neuromarketing and BCI-guided assistive robotics demonstrate the technology's potential to improve human-machine interaction and social inclusion for people with disabilities. Conclusions: Commercial EEG devices represent a paradigm shift in personalized healthcare and social science research. Despite persistent challenges related to signal artifacts and data privacy, the democratization of neurotechnology enables continuous monitoring with high ecological validity. Integrating these devices into everyday life offers unprecedented opportunities for early diagnosis, non-pharmacological interventions, and the development of "digital biomarkers” ultimately transforming brain health management and decision-making in the digital age.
Consumer-Grade EEG, Wireless EEG Devices, Digital Biomarkers, Mobile Health
Copyright (c) 2026 Katarzyna Anna Borzęcka, Agnieszka Szwed, Aleksandra Sołtys, Daria Aleksandra Warzocha-Żurek , Ewa Maria Polewczak-Karp, Katarzyna Wawrzonek , Krystian Andryszko, Marcelina Dymon, Natalia Matylda Ziemba-Furgała, Paulina Krysa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND BINGE EATING DISORDER: A REVIEW OF METABOLIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND IATROGENIC PATHWAYS
Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder traditionally managed through a weight-centric paradigm, which frequently overlooks the significant psychiatric comorbidity of Binge Eating Disorder (BED). This narrative review aims to systematically map the interacting metabolic, psychological, and iatrogenic pathways driving BED in women with PCOS. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across electronic databases, primarily PubMed, for peer-reviewed articles published up to May 2026. The review focused on studies examining the intersection of PCOS and eating disorders, emphasizing metabolic and neuroendocrine mechanisms, psychosocial impact, and recent clinical guidelines. Findings: The biological susceptibility to BED in PCOS is driven by severe insulin resistance, reactive hypoglycaemia, reduced cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion linked to hyperandrogenism, and disrupted mesolimbic reward pathways. This physiological predisposition is heavily exacerbated by psychosocial distress stemming from visible hyperandrogenic symptoms, diagnostic delays, and pervasive societal and provider-induced weight stigma. Furthermore, standard clinical recommendations enforcing strict caloric restrictions often act as an iatrogenic trigger for rebound binge eating due to the profound metabolic inflexibility in these patients. Conclusions: Dismantling the vicious PCOS-BED cycle requires an urgent shift away from punitive, weight-centric models. In alignment with the 2023 International Evidence-based Guidelines, multidisciplinary clinical management should incorporate mandatory eating disorder screening, trauma-informed cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), intuitive eating principles, and the evaluation of novel pharmacological agents, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, to target the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of hyperphagia.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Binge Eating Disorder, Weight Stigma, Insulin Resistance, Intuitive Eating, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcelina Grzelak, Emilia Kulikowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES TO INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Research objectives: The aim of this narrative review is to systematize knowledge about the theoretical basis and effectiveness of behavioral interventions aimed at increasing and maintaining long-term physical activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: A narrative review of the available literature was conducted, analyzing key models of behavior change, including the COM-B model, Self-Determination Theory, and Social-Cognitive Theory, and identifying the main barriers and facilitators to physical activity in this group of patients. Key findings: The analysis revealed that traditional medical education is insufficient to induce lasting behavioral change. Low physical activity results from physical barriers:pain, chronic fatigue; psychological barriers: kinesiophobia, lack of motivation, depression; and logistical and systemic barriers. The most effective interventions are multi-component and focus on building self- efficacy and resilience. Positive results are achieved through the implementation of hybrid models, mHealth, motivational interviewing, and close interdisciplinary collaboration between physicians, nurses, and physiotherapists. Conclusions: Individualized behavioral strategies are an essential component of comprehensive RA treatment. A holistic approach, incorporating social and psychological support, allows for the safe integration of exercise into the patient's daily life, preventing progressive disability and sarcopenia.
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Physical Activity, Behavior Change, Self-Efficacy, mHealth, Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Copyright (c) 2026 Paulina Krysa, Agnieszka Szwed, Katarzyna Anna Borzęcka , Ewa Maria Polewczak-Karp , Daria Aleksandra Warzocha-Żurek , Krystian Andryszko , Aleksandra Sołtys, Marcelina Dymon , Katarzyna Wawrzonek , Natalia Matylda Ziemba-Furgała https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY, SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE OF KETOGENIC DIET WITH MODIFIED ATKINS DIET AND LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX TREATMENT IN CHILDREN WITH DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY
Metabolic dietary therapies serve as a multidimensional intervention for the estimated 30% of pediatric patients with epilepsy who remain refractory to standard antiseizure medications. This review evaluates the clinical utility of the classical ketogenic diet (cKD), modified Atkins diet (MAD), and low glycemic index treatment (LGIT), each utilizing a metabolic shift toward ketogenesis to modulate neuronal excitability and neuroinflammation. While the cKD remains the gold standard for achieving high-level seizure reduction and complete seizure freedom, MAD and LGIT provide robust efficacy for achieving ≥50% responder status with significantly improved palatability. LGIT is associated with the most favorable safety profile and highest patient compliance, particularly among adolescents, due to its less restrictive carbohydrate limits and lower incidence of serious gastrointestinal or metabolic adverse events. Recent advancements in precision medicine highlight the critical roles of genetic etiology, such as variants in SLC2A1 or SCN1A, and gut microbiome composition in predicting individual response to these therapies. With a favorable long-term safety profile when appropriately monitored, these metabolic protocols offer a vital non-pharmacological cornerstone for improving the quality of life for children and their caregivers. Further work is necessary to integrate digital health monitoring and personalized microbiome-targeted strategies to optimize dietary maintenance and therapeutic outcomes.
Pediatric Drug-Resistant Epilepsy, Ketogenic Diet, Modified Atkins Diet, Low Glycemic Index Treatment, Metabolic Therapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Liwia Prorok, Aleksandra Potempa, Mateusz Żyła, Zofia Parol, Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Aleksandra Oszczypała, Michał Petkow, Katarzyna Lipska, Monika Szyszkowska, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR GLYCEMIC MONITORING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AS A TOOL FOR REDUCING HYPOGLYCEMIA AND ITS COMPLICATIONS – CLINICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems of modern times. One of its most dangerous complications is hypoglycemia, defined in most cases as a drop in blood glucose concentration below 70 mg/dl. Recurrent hypoglycemia is associated with a significant increase in patient mortality due to both injuries and cardiovascular and neurological complications. The fear of hypoglycemia alone sometimes paralyzes patients' daily lives. Technological advances have made it possible to replace flawed traditional methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose with systems that enable continuous glucose monitoring, which significantly reduce the frequency and duration of hypoglycemia.The latest methods not only allow for round-the-clock blood glucose monitoring, but also warn the patient of the risk of hypoglycemia based on continuous assessment of blood glucose trends, automatic modification of the insulin dose by the device based on current results, and remote monitoring of the patient by a doctor. The use of modern methods brings long-term socioeconomic benefits in the form of a reduction in the number of severe hypoglycemia episodes and, consequently, hospitalizations and their complications. In addition, CGM systems increase patients' sense of security and control over their disease. However, the use of the latest technological advances also presents challenges for patients in terms of their ability to use new technologies, as well as social and economic constraints that hinder the implementation of the latest treatment methods.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Hypoglycemia, Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Real-Time Glucose Monitoring
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Nowakowska, Oliwia Jerzyńska, Miszela Kałachurska, Martyna Rożek, Aleksandra Kowalewska-Kurek, Aleksandra Lisowska, Bartosz Nowak, Maria Sierant, Mateusz Gural, Constancia Esther Guy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLISH AND AMERICAN GUIDELINES FOR VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PREVENTION AND TREATMENT FOR THE GENERAL POPULATION - A LITERATURE REVIEW
Vitamin D plays a well-known role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Recent findings also indicate many extraskeletal effects. Studies have shown that a vitamin D deficiency has been associated with chronic conditions in musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neurological and immune systems. There have been multiple national and international guidelines considering the problem of vitamin D supplementation and treatment. Recommendations for vitamin D prophylaxis and treatment show variability which may result in confusion in clinical practice. The aim of this review is to compare diagnostic thresholds of scrum 25(OH)D levels and dosing strategies for prevention and treatment between selected vitamin D guidelines published in Poland, Central Europe and the United States of America. Future recommendations should integrate the results of observational studies and randomized control trials. This way they may benefit the clinicians and patients by simplifying treatment decisions and improving clinical outcomes.
Vitamin D, Guidelines, Recommendations, Supplementation, Treatment
Copyright (c) 2026 Zuzanna Rybka, Alicja Maciejewska, Maja Kaczor, Monika Stępińska, Marta Omiecińska, Weronika Trynkiewicz, Emilia Lenkiewicz, Karolina Dąbrowska, Jakub Winiarczyk, Maja Śmigielska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE LONELINESS EPIDEMIC IN MODERN URBAN SOCIETIES: SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Loneliness has become a growing public health concern, particularly in urban societies where high population density does not necessarily translate into meaningful social connection. This paper aims to examine the social, psychological, and structural determinants of loneliness in modern urban environments. The study is based on a narrative review of recent interdisciplinary literature, including empirical studies and meta-analyses from the fields of public health, psychology, and urban studies. The analysis points to several key factors contributing to urban loneliness, including the paradox of digital connectivity, characteristics of the built environment, and increasing social mobility leading to fragmented communities. The findings suggest that digital technologies play a dual role, as their impact depends on patterns of use, while urban design and access to social infrastructure significantly influence opportunities for interaction. Furthermore, loneliness is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes, including mental health disorders, cognitive decline, and increased cardiovascular risk. Overall loneliness can be understood as a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by the interaction between individual behaviour and broader environmental and societal factors. The paper concludes that effective mitigation strategies require an integrated approach combining community-based interventions, inclusive urban planning, and responsible use of digital technologies.
Loneliness, Social Isolation, Urban Environments, Mental Health, Social Cohesion, Urban Planning
Copyright (c) 2026 Julianna Cholewa, Radosław Januszczak, Gabriela Anna Gilarska, Agnieszka Barbara Białek, Wiktoria Bojarska, Rafał Gołacki, Maja Sygacz, Paweł Szymonek, Bartosz Burda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WEARABLE DEVICES AND AI-DRIVEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MONITORING IN PUBLIC HEALTH: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH EQUITY – A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: The escalating global prevalence of non-communicable diseases necessitates proactive epidemiological strategies. Physical inactivity is a primary, modifiable risk factor in the pathogenesis of these chronic conditions. Consequently, digital epidemiology has attracted profound interest, particularly through wearable devices integrated with artificial intelligence (AI), which facilitate the continuous, real-time monitoring of physiological markers. Aim: This study aims to synthesize current evidence on AI-driven wearable devices in public health, evaluating their biological and behavioral mechanisms in chronic disease prevention, technical modalities, clinical applications, and implications for global health equity. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted utilizing PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2026. Eligible publications included observational studies, algorithm validation research, and randomized controlled trials evaluating machine learning and physical activity monitoring. Results: AI-driven wearables effectively promote disease prevention via early anomaly detection and personalized behavioral interventions. Major modalities - including accelerometry, photoplethysmography (PPG), and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) - powered by deep learning, demonstrate substantial clinical benefits in managing cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. However, critical limitations remain, including algorithmic bias, data privacy concerns, and the exacerbation of the digital divide. Conclusions: Wearable devices and AI analytics are highly promising adjuncts in public health surveillance. To realize their full preventative potential, future research and policy must prioritize protocol standardization, algorithmic fairness, and inclusive design to ensure equitable accessibility across diverse demographic groups.
Wearable Devices, Artificial Intelligence, Physical Activity Monitoring, Chronic Disease Prevention, Health Equity, Machine Learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Jakub Szumiło, Kamil Arciszewski, Karolina Niewola, Dominika Walczak, Natalia Hariasz, Karolina Orda, Klaudia Kasperska, Mariana Markiv, Michał Słowik, Paweł Stenzel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION AS A STRATEGY FOR COGNITIVE SUPPORT AND NEUROPROTECTION
Creatine (methylguanidine-acetic acid) is an organic compound formed from reactions involving the amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. Synthesized endogenously in the kidneys and liver, it is concentrated in skeletal muscle and tendons, as well as in the brain, liver, kidneys and testes. Since the 1990s, creatine has been a widely used sports supplement, known to enhance muscle strength, endurance and recovery. It is one of the most extensively researched supplements in the world, and its efficacy and safety profile have been confirmed in thousands of peer-reviewed publications. With an increasing number of publications highlighting the effects of creatine on the central nervous system (CNS), this article aims to review the most recent literature. Objective: This review evaluates scientific evidence concerning creatine’s effects on cognitive function and neuroprotection in healthy adults while analyzing the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Methodology: A literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, encompassing meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and neuroimaging data. Results: Analysis of the current literature indicates that creatine supplementation can increase brain phosphocreatine levels, thereby enhancing cellular bioenergetics. In healthy adults, improvements in short-term memory, fluid intelligence, and reduced mental fatigue represent the most pronounced cognitive benefits observed primarily under conditions of metabolic stress, including sleep deprivation or demanding cognitive tasks. Conclusions: Creatine represents a promising, safe intervention for supporting CNS function. Especially since its safety and effectiveness have been extensively studied. However, further research must establish definitive dosing protocols to optimize cognitive outcomes.
Creatine Monohydrate, Supplementation, Cognitive Function, Neuroprotection, Neuroplasticity, Blood-Brain Barrier
Copyright (c) 2026 Agata Ławniczak, Jagoda Prządka, Anna Tomaszewska, Marcelina Kaczmarek, Maria Pojawa, Natalia Łazor, Wioletta Witkowska, Ewelina Wagner, Aleksandra Chudzik, Emilia Buzek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RHYTHMIC-CUED DANCE INTERVENTIONS IN DANCE THERAPY FOR GAIT AND MOBILITY DEFICITS ACROSS NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Background: Gait and mobility impairments such as postural instability and freezing of gait, represent significant clinical challenges across neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Huntington’s disease (HD), and dementia. Traditional rehabilitation often fails to address the complex integration of motor and cognitive domains. Rhythmic-cued dance interventions have emerged as a multifaceted approach, leveraging auditory-motor synchronization to bypass impaired neural circuits. Objective: This review synthesizes evidence regarding the effectiveness of rhythmic-cued dance in improving gait and mobility across a spectrum of neurodegenerative conditions, exploring both clinical outcomes and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Methods: A systematic synthesis of literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted, focusing on randomized controlled trials and pilot studies involving structured dance genres and rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS). Results: Analysis of 18 key papers indicates that rhythmic-cued dance leads to significant improvements in gait speed, stride length, and balance. In PD, interventions like Argentine Tango potentially reduce gait freezing by providing external temporal cues. In MS and HD, these programs are associated with enhanced postural control and functional endurance. The benefits are linked to neuroplastic changes, including the recruitment of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network and the motivational effects of "groove." Recent evidence also suggests the feasibility of technology-assisted delivery models. Conclusions: While rhythmic-cued dance is a safe and engaging adjunct to standard care, significant clinical heterogeneity necessitates further research into optimal dosing and long-term outcomes.
Dance Therapy, Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation, Neurodegenerative Disorders, Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Gait Disorders, Mobility, Neuroplasticity, Rhythmic Cueing, Motor Rehabilitation
Copyright (c) 2026 Oliwia Zynek, Julia Dobrowolska, Alicja Palus, Filip Kamyszek, Kornel Pawlak, Marcin Stępiński, Marta Krężołek, Mateusz Balicki, Paula Kaczmarczyk, Tomasz Arkuszyński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODULATION OF EMOTIONS USING BOTULINUM TOXIN IN INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Aim: This review aims to discuss the mechanisms by which reducing facial muscle activity in the glabellar region may influence emotional processing and regulation in individuals without diagnosed mental disorders. Material and Methods: A literature search was conducted using MedLine/PubMed databases in both Polish and English. Additionally, reference lists of selected articles were screened to identify further relevant studies. Results: Botulinum toxin exerts its effect by blocking acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in temporary muscle paralysis. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial expressions not only reflect emotions but also influence their experience and regulation. Limiting the activity of muscles responsible for negative emotional expressions may modulate subjective emotional experience. Available studies suggest that botulinum toxin injections in the glabellar region may be associated with improved mood and increased subjective well-being in individuals without psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Botulinum toxin may influence emotional regulation by altering feedback from facial muscles in individuals without mental disorders. However, high-quality studies are still needed to confirm these findings.
Botulinum Toxin, Emotional Modulation, Facial Feedback, Well-Being
Copyright (c) 2026 Klaudia Czech, Duszan Leja, Zuzanna Michalik, Klaudia Kapelka, Stanisław Malik, Przemysław Paduch, Zofia Bułka, Joanna Mazur, Dawid Kłos, Kaja Zdrojewska, Lena Apanowicz, Klaudia Gogół-Fijał https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO MICROPLASTICS: TOXICOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS - A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Introduction: Microplastics represent an increasingly widespread environmental contaminant detected in water, food, and ambient air. In recent years, microplastic particles have also been identified in human biological materials, raising concerns about their potential impact on human health. Objective: The aim of this review was to summarize current evidence regarding the main routes of human exposure to microplastics, the mechanisms underlying their potential toxicity, and the possible health consequences associated with exposure. Materials and Methods: A review of the most recent scientific literature available in major medical databases was conducted, with particular emphasis on experimental studies, systematic reviews, and publications reporting the presence of microplastics in the human body. Results: The primary exposure routes include ingestion of contaminated food and water, as well as inhalation of airborne particles and household dust. Experimental studies suggest that micro- and nanoplastics may induce oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and cellular dysfunction. Plastic particles may also act as vectors for other chemical contaminants and potentially interfere with endocrine regulation. The most frequently discussed health effects involve the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems, as well as metabolic disturbances. However, the majority of currently available evidence is derived from in vitro studies and animal models. Conclusions: Despite the presence of biologically plausible mechanisms of toxicity, there is currently no conclusive clinical evidence establishing a direct association between microplastic exposure and specific human diseases. Further epidemiological studies and standardization of analytical methods for detecting microplastics in biological samples are required to enable a reliable assessment of health risks.
Microplastics, Nanoplastics, Toxicology, Environmental Pollution
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Kubacka, Idalia Myszor, Michał Madej, Lucjan Kocemba, Gabriela Mroczka, Sylwia Nycz-Jucha, Paulina Łobaza, Brygida Pinkowicz, Piotr Rachwał, Barbara Nowak-Misiąg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction: Overweight and obesity have become a widespread problem in modern society, influenced by multiple factors, including oncological diseases and their treatment. A diagnosis of cancer at a young age, combined with adverse lifestyle patterns, may lead to significant challenges in maintaining healthy Body Mass Index (BMI). A BMI ≥30 kg/m2 is classified as obesity and may lead to multiple health complications, posing an additional burden for cancer survivors. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on the association between early-onset cancer and excessive weight gain. Methods: This study presents current knowledge on overweight and obesity in childhood cancer survivors. A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on recent studies and cardiometabolic risk factors. Key findings: Survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of developing obesity compared to their peers. Studies show that they often face greater difficulties in maintaining normal body weight than their healthy siblings. Excessive body weight is associated with comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation, which require further treatment and can affect long-term health. Preventive strategies focusing on nutrition and physical activity are crucial for this group. Conclusion: Despite the widespread prevalence of obesity, limited research focuses on its determinants in childhood cancer survivors. The maintenance of a healthy body weight is particularly important in this group to prevent secondary health complications. Therefore, supporting the development of healthy lifestyle patterns in this vulnerable population is vital for improving their long-term outcomes.
BMI, Cancer, Cancer Survivors, Lifestyle, Nutrition, Obesity
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamila Czyżak, Karol Dąbek, Urszula Marzec, Aleksandra Cyrkler, Natalia Cieślak, Agata Chodkowska, Eliza Rajca, Agnieszka Giza, Paulina Giza, Karolina Wymoczył https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER: PROMISE FOR A NEW TREATMENT APPROACH
The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) as effective glucose-lowering and nephroprotective agents in type 2 diabetes is well established. Their emergence as treatments for obesity is considerably more recent. In the short time since this indication was approved, these medications have attracted considerable attention, and their use in clinical practise has expanded rapidly. Amid this rapid expansion, clinicians have encountered growing anecdotal reports from patients taking GLP-1RAs describing unexpected improvements in substance use behaviours. Such reports are consistent with a growing body of preclinical evidence demonstrating that GLP-1RAs reduce intake of alcohol and other addictive substances. Whether preclinical observations can be replicated in human studies is currently being tested in clinical trials. One prevailing hypothesis suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exerts its effects via central mechanisms, including, at least in part, modulation of dopamine transmission. Studies imply that activation of central glucagon-like peptide -1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) functionally regulates the mesolimbic reward pathway and reduces addiction-like behaviors in rodent models. This narrative review summarizes the existing evidence regarding the effects of GLP-1RAs on alcohol consumption. Relevant studies published between January 2015 and March 2026 were identified via literature search. Collectively, the evidence supporting GLP-1RAs for the treatment of AUD is promising yet inconsistent, with randomized clinical trials yielding mixed results for the primary outcome of reduced alcohol consumption. Although current findings do not justify changes to clinical practice, they point toward potential benefits of GLP-1RAs, extending beyond glycemic and weight control, particularly among patients with AUD.
Endocrinology, Addiction, Alcohol, Neurobiology, GLP-1
Copyright (c) 2026 Jakub Fidelus, Julia Czerniewska, Magdalena Filuk, Marianna Ciastoń, Mikołaj Dybicz, Olga Endler, Julia Mądrzak, Dominika Dutkiewicz, Klaudia Jurkowska, Marta Handzel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OVERTRAINING SYNDROME AND MENTAL HEALTH IN ATHLETES - A LITERATURE REVIEW
Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is a complex biopsychosocial condition arising from a chronic imbalance between training load and recovery. OTS produces numerous psychiatric symptoms that remain systematically underrecognized in clinical practice. This review examines the neurobiological mechanisms linking OTS to mental health disorders, characterizes its psychiatric symptomatology, clarifies differential diagnosis with primary psychiatric conditions, and synthesizes current evidence on monitoring, prevention, and management. OTS affects numerous elite athletes during their careers, with a relapse rate of 80–90% within three years of recovery. Its neurobiological mechanisms — HPA axis exhaustion, serotonergic receptor dysregulation, neuroinflammatory activation, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction — overlap substantially with those of major depressive disorder, providing a mechanistic basis for the extensive psychiatric comorbidity observed clinically. OTS presents across three dimensions: affective and anxiety symptoms, neurocognitive and somatic impairment, and burnout. Differential diagnosis requires systematic exclusion of primary psychiatric disorders, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), and organic pathology. Prevention and management form a continuum encompassing psychological monitoring, primary prevention strategies, and — in established OTS — multidisciplinary treatment including psychiatric and psychological interventions. OTS is a biopsychosocial condition whose psychiatric dimension is clinically substantial yet underdiagnosed. Its neurobiological overlap with major depressive disorder warrants integration of psychiatric expertise into the routine evaluation and management of overtrained athletes. The field remains constrained by the absence of validated diagnostic criteria and evidence-based psychological interventions — gaps that sports psychiatry is well-positioned to address.
Overtraining Syndrome, Mental Health, Athletes Burnout, Sports Psychiatry, Recovery
Copyright (c) 2026 Dominika Dutkiewicz, Klaudia Jurkowska, Julia Mądrzak, Olga Endler, Mikołaj Dybicz, Marianna Ciastoń, Magdalena Filuk, Jakub Fidelus, Julia Czerniewska, Marta Handzel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPREHENSIVE LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS (DIET, EXERCISE, SLEEP, AND STRESS MODIFICATION) IN THE TREATMENT OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting women of reproductive age and is characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, insulin resistance, obesity, and psychological distress. Lifestyle modification is recommended as first-line therapy; however, the comparative effectiveness of multidomain interventions integrating diet, exercise, sleep optimization, and supplementation remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of comprehensive lifestyle interventions on metabolic, hormonal, reproductive, inflammatory, and psychosocial outcomes in women with PCOS. Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized controlled trials published in English within the previous 10 years were included if they enrolled reproductive-aged women with confirmed PCOS and evaluated at least one lifestyle intervention: dietary modification, supplementation, structured exercise, sleep-related therapy, or combined programs. Outcomes included anthropometric indices, insulin resistance markers, lipid profile, reproductive and hormonal parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, sleep quality, and mental health. Where sufficient homogeneity existed, pooled quantitative analyses were planned; otherwise, narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Comprehensive lifestyle interventions demonstrated significant benefits across multiple domains. Dietary strategies, particularly calorie-restricted, low-glycemic-load, Mediterranean-style, and ketogenic diets, improved body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and androgen excess. Structured exercise, including aerobic training and high-intensity interval training, improved body composition, insulin sensitivity, menstrual cyclicity, ovarian morphology, cardiovascular fitness, and psychological well-being, while reducing inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α). Adjunctive supplementation (probiotics, synbiotics, coenzyme Q10, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, magnesium, flaxseed, and melatonin) showed additional improvements in metabolic, hormonal, oxidative stress, and menstrual outcomes. Sleep-focused interventions, particularly melatonin supplementation and behavioral modification, improved sleep quality, anxiety, depression, insulin resistance, and lipid parameters. Conclusions: Comprehensive lifestyle intervention is an effective evidence-based strategy for PCOS management. Combined approaches targeting nutrition, exercise, sleep, and selected supplementation improve metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological outcomes. Given the heterogeneity of PCOS, individualized multidisciplinary lifestyle treatment should be considered a central component of long-term care and may complement pharmacological therapy.
PCOS, Diet, Exercise, Sleep, Systematic Review, Women
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Czerniewska, Klaudia Jurkowska, Julia Mądrzak, Olga Endler, Mikołaj Dybicz, Marianna Ciastoń, Magdalena Filuk, Jakub Fidelus, Dominika Dutkiewicz, Marta Handzel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SEMAGLUTIDE FOR WEIGHT REDUCTION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
Obesity is a chronic, complex disease linked to major illness and death. Related conditions include heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Its global prevalence has soared, demonstrating the need for treatments beyond lifestyle change. Pharmacotherapy is essential, particularly for people unable to maintain weight loss through behavioural interventions. This review evaluates the efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, specifically semaglutide and liraglutide. These are assessed against established anti-obesity drugs, including orlistat and phentermine. A structured search was carried out across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Priority was given to randomised controlled trials, meta-analyses, and large observational studies published from 2010 to 2025. Key clinical trial programmes, such as STEP, SUSTAIN, LEADER, SELECT, and SURMOUNT, were critically reviewed. Semaglutide shows superior efficacy. Mean weight reductions often exceed 10–15%. These reductions are linked to considerable improvements in glycaemic and cardiometabolic parameters. Liraglutide provides modest weight loss but has proven cardiovascular benefits. Orlistat and phentermine have lower efficacy. They also have tolerability issues and limited long-term use. Despite their strengths, GLP-1 receptor agonists cause gastrointestinal side effects, high cost, and have limited long-term safety data. GLP-1 receptor agonists represent a major advance, making obesity treatment more targeted. Future studies ought to focus on long-term outcomes, accessibility, and improving the tolerability and affordability of therapy.
Semaglutide, Liraglutide, Orlistat, Phentermine, Obesity, GLP-1
Copyright (c) 2026 Marta Handzel, Julia Czerniewska, Klaudia Jurkowska, Julia Mądrzak, Olga Endler, Mikołaj Dybicz, Marianna Ciastoń, Magdalena Filuk, Jakub Fidelus, Dominika Dutkiewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GUT MICROBIOTA IN OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CURRENT INSIGHTS AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a significant factor influencing the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome, not only through its role in digestion and nutrient metabolism, but also through its regulation of inflammation, intestinal barrier integrity, glucose and lipid metabolism, and hormonal signaling. The aim of this study was to present the current knowledge regarding the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, with particular emphasis on clinical data and the potential for therapeutic intervention on the microbiome. This study is a narrative review based on a systematic analysis of the literature. The full texts of 77 scientific publications from 2016–2026 were analyzed, of which 48 were included in the final synthesis. Studies on obesity, metabolic syndrome, dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and next-generation therapies were included. Available data indicate that dietary interventions, weight loss, increased fiber intake, and dietary strategies supporting microbiota diversity currently have the greatest practical significance. Probiotics, synbiotics, Akkermansia muciniphila, and fecal microbiota transplantation remain promising therapeutic approaches, but they still require further validation. The gut microbiota may in the future become a component of personalized treatment for metabolic disorders; however, its clinical application requires further research, standardization of methods, and identification of patient populations that may benefit the most.
Gut Microbiota, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Probiotics, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Precision Nutrition
Copyright (c) 2026 Agata Kowalczyk, Magdalena Fąfara, Margartia Jeczkało, Monika Kosiorowska, Joanna Lasoń, Marcelina Makulska, Weronika Płachta, Wiktoria Sęk, Amelia Sieradzka, Cezary Wegenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION ON THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, largely due to late diagnosis, aggressive tumor biology, and marked resistance to conventional treatment and immunotherapy. A major contributor to therapeutic failure is the highly immunosuppressive and desmoplastic tumor microenvironment (TME), which limits drug delivery, restricts cytotoxic immune-cell infiltration, and promotes immune evasion. This narrative literature review evaluates the effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on the PDAC microenvironment and assesses its potential role as an immune-sensitizing strategy capable of enhancing antitumor immunity and improving responsiveness to immunotherapy. English-language review articles, preclinical and clinical studies published between 2011 and 2025, were investigated, with a particular focus on evidence from 2020 to 2025. The reviewed literature suggests that IRE can induce immunogenic cell death by releasing danger-associated molecular patterns, enhance antigen presentation, remodel the fibrotic stroma, reduce hypoxia, and promote infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Several studies also report reductions in immunosuppressive cell populations and improved responses to immune checkpoint blockade following IRE. Overall, IRE appears to be a promising local treatment modality with systemic immunomodulatory potential in PDAC. However, most evidence remains preclinical, and further prospective clinical studies are required to define its long-term efficacy, safety profile, optimal technical parameters, and best integration with systemic immunotherapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Skrzypek, Hanna Maruchniak, Wiktoria Marzec, Paulina Biedroń, Maciej Hutkowski , Mikołaj Zbrożek, Zuzanna Chwostek, Bartłomiej Kosiarski, Patrycja Markowicz, Krzysztof Biłyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF MYOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION ABERRATIONS IN THE PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
Physical performance is influenced by numerous factors, both congenital and non-congenital. Key determinants include diet, physical activity, lifestyle, and environmental exposure. It depends largely on the proper functioning of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Human myogenesis is a tightly regulated process that begins during prenatal development and continues throughout life. The key regulators of this process are myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), a family of helix–loop–helix transcription factors. These factors cooperate with members of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family to promote the transcription of muscle-specific genes. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in regulating gene expression during myogenic differentiation and satellite cell activation. Cell-cycle regulators further contribute to myogenesis by controlling satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby influencing muscle regeneration. Moreover, a wide range of bioactive compounds has been shown to modulate myogenesis through their effects on key regulatory pathways. These regulatory mechanisms may contribute to interindividual variability in physical performance. However, most of the available evidence is derived from in vitro studies, and its relevance to human physiology remains uncertain. Therefore, further research is required to better understand the role of these mechanisms in shaping physical performance. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms of myogenesis and their role in physical performance. A narrative review of recent literature focusing on molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating myogenesis was conducted.
Myoblast Differentiation, Physical Performance, Epigenetics, Cell Cycle, Myogenesis
Copyright (c) 2026 Filip Glista, Mikołaj Stepura, Jakub Najgeburski, Aleksandra Giernalczyk, Agnieszka Dąbrowska, Weronika Nawrocka, Mikołaj Jaszowski, Inez Michalska, Anna-Maria Grzeczka, Paula Żak, Patrycja Pietraszkiewicz, Zuzanna Taciak, Katarzyna Pinkowska, Zuzanna Korbel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ULTRASOUND‑BASED DIAGNOSIS AND RISK STRATIFICATION OF THYROID NODULES: EVIDENCE, HUMAN FACTORS, AND HEALTH‑IT IMPLICATIONS
Background: Thyroid ultrasound is the cornerstone of thyroid nodule assessment, yet image capture and interpretation remain operator‑dependent. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly proposed to support malignancy risk stratification, align reporting with TI‑RADS frameworks, and reduce unnecessary fine‑needle aspiration biopsy (FNA). Objective: To synthesize evidence from the last five years on AI-assisted thyroid nodule assessment using ultrasound, with emphasis on validation, generalizability, human–AI interaction, and health‑IT implications. Methodology: Structured narrative review prioritizing multicenter or externally validated studies, workflow-oriented evaluations, and systematic reviews/meta‑analyses. Results: AI may improve consistency among less experienced users in retrospective studies, but a prospective trial showed no workflow improvement and strong operator dependence. Recent multicenter studies increasingly use multi‑view images, cine/video, and multimodal copilots. Meta‑analyses highlight heterogeneity and the need for robust external validation. Conclusion: Translation requires prospective decision-endpoint studies, standardized ultrasound scanning, uncertainty-aware outputs, and integration into structured reporting and monitoring systems.
Thyroid Nodules, Ultrasound, Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Computer-Aided Diagnosis, TI‑RADS
Copyright (c) 2026 Joanna Ślusarczyk, Beata Szreder, Piotr Pietrzyk, Natalia Stanek, Patrycja Krawczyk, Maja Łapaj, Aleksandra Jagiełło, Zuzanna Noweta, Milena Lewicka, Tamara Chadań https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INNOVATIVE LASER TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF ACNE AND POST-ACNE SCAR: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Introduction and Objective: Aesthetic medicine is a rapidly developing field of medicine that significantly improves patients' quality of life in terms of self-esteem and psychological well-being. Modern laser technologies are not only used for rejuvenation, regeneration, or skin pigmentation removal procedures. Laser treatments play a crucial role in the treatment of acne and post-acne changes, allowing not only to reduce disease symptoms but also to minimize the risk of recurrence. The aim of this article is to analyze the course and effectiveness of acne and skin scar therapy through the use of laser technologies, as well as the complexity of potential benefits and possible limitations of their risks. Materials and Methods: This work is based on an analysis of scientific literature concerning the use of laser therapy in the treatment of acne and post-acne scars. A review of existing bibliography was conducted regarding individual types of laser therapy in relation to post-acne scars and acne dermatosis. The course and effectiveness of therapy using lasers were analyzed. Results: Literature analysis showed that modern laser technologies provide effective and relatively safe options for treating acne and post-acne scars. Laser therapy yields moderate but clinically relevant improvements in inflammatory lesions, post-acne scarring, and overall skin texture, with minimal risk when appropriate patient selection and operator expertise are ensured. Conclusions: Laser therapy can substantially enhance outcomes in acne and post-acne scar treatment and contribute to improved patient quality of life. Further studies are needed to establish optimal treatment protocols and to compare the effectiveness of specific laser types across different clinical forms of acne.
Acne Vulgaris, Post-Acne Scars, Laser Therapy, Fractional Lasers, Ablative Lasers, Non-Ablative Lasers, Intense Pulsed Light (IPL), Innovative Laser Technologies, Dermatologic Procedures, Aesthetic Dermatology
Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Kowalska, Monika Rajs, Patrycja Przebieradło, Sandra Żak, Alicja Ruzik, Antonina Gaj-Hunter, Patrycja Rędziniak, Katarzyna Żurek, Kaja Stolarska, Sandra Terpiłowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND DEPRESSION: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF HUMAN STUDIES
With depression as a major cause of disability worldwide, the need for risk reduction and improving treatment outcomes is pressing. This narrative review summarizes human evidence on the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and depressive disorders or depressive symptoms, and on the effects of Mediterranean-style dietary interventions in reducing depressive symptoms. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as “Mediterranean diet”, “Depression” among others, and studies were selected and reviewed. Overall, observational evidence from multiple cross-sectional studies and several prospective cohorts indicates that higher MD adherence is associated with fewer depressive symptoms and a modestly reduced risk of incident depression across diverse populations. Randomized and cluster-randomized trials in clinical and at-risk groups further suggest that Mediterranean-style dietary interventions can reduce depressive symptom severity and improve mental health–related quality of life when used alongside usual care. Meta analyses and systematic reviews consistently show statistical significance of the findings. Potential mechanisms include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, neurotrophic and neurotransmitter pathways, gut–brain interactions, and improvements in cardiometabolic health. The MD appears to be a safe and feasible adjunctive lifestyle recommendation for adults with depression, although heterogeneity in exposure measurement and limited long-term trial data warrant larger, multi-centre studies with longer follow-up and mechanistic assessments, across different populations.
Mediterranean Diet, Depression, Dietary Interventions, Mental Health and Nutrition
Copyright (c) 2026 Krzysztof Biłyk, Wiktoria Marzec , Hanna Maruchniak, Paulina Biedroń , Anna Skrzypek , Maciej Hutkowski , Mikołaj Zbrożek , Zuzanna Chwostek , Bartłomiej Kosiarski , Patrycja Markowicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF THE KETOGENIC DIET ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL: A SYSTEMATIC COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF THE LOW-CARBOHYDRATE DIET AND STANDARD DIABETIC DIET IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Research Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether the ketogenic diet (KD) offers a safe and effective pathway to clinical remission in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), compared to non-ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets and standard diabetic care. Specifically, we sought to assess the impact of KD on glycemic control, weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and the need for glucose-lowering medications. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Nineteen core reports from randomized controlled trials and intensive clinical programs were selected for review based on relevance and methodological quality. Key Findings: In the short term (3 to 6 months), the KD was associated with significantly greater reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) - typically between 0.8% and 1.5%, and more substantial weight loss than standard dietary approaches. While long-term glycemic outcomes (12 to 24 months) tended to align with other intensive interventions, the KD distinguished itself by enabling rapid deprescription of glucose-lowering medications, including insulin and sulfonylureas. Patients also showed consistent improvements in cardiovascular risk markers, such as lower triglycerides and higher HDL cholesterol. Safety data revealed no evidence of adverse effects on renal or hepatic function; on the contrary, many participants experienced improved liver enzyme profiles and stable kidney function markers. Conclusions: The ketogenic diet appears to be a safe and effective metabolic strategy for patients with T2DM, delivering superior short-term glycemic control, weight loss, and medication reduction. These benefits suggest the KD may facilitate clinical remission in selected individuals with T2DM.
Ketogenic Diet, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Glycemic Control, HbA1c, Nutritional Ketosis, Low-Carbohydrate Diet
Copyright (c) 2026 Zofia Julia Parol, Mateusz Żyła, Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Aleksandra Oszczypała, Aleksandra Potempa, Michał Petkow, Liwia Prorok, Katarzyna Lipska, Monika Szyszkowska, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZATION OF LASER PARAMETERS IN AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY: IMPACT OF FLUENCE, PULSE DURATION AND SPOT SIZE IN ND: YAG, IPL AND CUTERA SYSTEMS – A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Laser-based therapies are widely used in aesthetic dermatology for the treatment of vascular lesions, pigmentation disorders and skin rejuvenation. Treatment outcomes and safety depend on appropriate selection of technical parameters, including fluence, pulse duration and spot size; however, standardized guidelines remain limited. This study systematically reviews the impact of key laser parameters on clinical efficacy and adverse events, with emphasis on vascular treatments using Nd:YAG, IPL and modern platforms, including Cutera systems. A literature search in PubMed (2010–2025) identified clinical studies reporting specific laser settings. Fluence was the primary determinant of efficacy, with higher energy improving vascular clearance but increasing the risk of burns and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Pulse duration influenced tissue selectivity, while spot size affected penetration depth and treatment outcomes. Advanced systems demonstrated improved safety due to enhanced pulse modulation and cooling; however, complications remained linked to improper parameter selection. Optimization of laser parameters is essential for balancing efficacy and safety, and individualized treatment based on lesion characteristics and skin type remains crucial. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols.
Fluence, Pulse Duration, Spot Size, Nd:YAG, IPL, Cutera, Laser Parameters
Copyright (c) 2026 Karina Lewandowska, Lena Jaworowicz, Wojciech Janikowski , Agnieszka Jóźwicka , Aleksandra Stępka , Weronika Plichtowicz- Kordowska , Maria Wieczorek, Ewa Bąkowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF CHILDHOOD EMOTIONAL NEGLECT ON EMOTIONAL FUNCTIONING IN ADULTS WITH PTSD - A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Childhood emotional neglect is a pervasive yet often underrecognized form of developmental trauma associated with long-term impairments in emotional and interpersonal functioning. Theoretical and empirical literature suggests that early emotional deprivation contributes to difficulties in emotion regulation, insecure attachment, and increased vulnerability to psychopathology, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. However, the mechanisms linking emotional neglect to adult emotional dysfunction remain insufficiently integrated within existing research. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes findings from seminal theoretical works and empirical studies on childhood emotional neglect, attachment development, emotional regulation, and PTSD. Literature was identified through major academic databases, including peer-reviewed journal articles, clinical handbooks, and foundational texts. Key assessment tools commonly referenced in the literature include the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein & Fink, 1998), the PTSD Diagnostic Scale (Foa et al., 1997), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). A thematic synthesis approach was used to integrate findings across studies. Results: The reviewed literature consistently indicates that childhood emotional neglect is strongly associated with emotional dysregulation, insecure attachment patterns, and increased PTSD symptom severity. Studies also highlight neurodevelopmental disruptions in stress-response systems and persistent maladaptive self-beliefs, such as shame and low self-worth, which contribute to chronic emotional difficulties in adulthood. Conclusions: Childhood emotional neglect represents a critical developmental risk factor for long-term emotional dysfunction and PTSD. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating attachment-based and emotion-focused approaches in trauma-informed care and highlight the need for further research to clarify underlying mechanisms and protective factors.
Childhood Emotional Neglect, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Emotional Regulation, Developmental Trauma, Attachment Theory, Adult Mental Health
Copyright (c) 2026 Amadeusz Furmanek, Martyna Susek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WOUND CARE IN THE AGING POPULATION: CURRENT MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
As global demographics shift toward an aging population, wound management in the elderly has become a clinical challenge. Wound management in this demographic is uniquely complex, requiring an understanding of age-specific changes and the multisystemic nature of geriatric health. This article focuses on challenges in geriatric wound care, specifically on how the skin's physical structure changes over time, the diverse range of treatment methods currently available, and the often-overlooked impact of a patient’s socioeconomic status on their recovery. One of the assessment tools being used nowadays is the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), which, by shifting focus from chronological age to a patient's functional independence and comorbidity load, can better quantify their risk of complications. Current research into novel therapies, particularly the use of specialized wound dressings, advanced drug therapies and the integration of artificial intelligence, shows promising ways of predicting complications and personalizing care for older adults. Effective wound management in the elderly requires a transition from traditional episodic care to a multidisciplinary, technology-enhanced approach.
Wound Management, Elderly, Personalized Medicine, Frailty, Dressings
Copyright (c) 2026 Karolina Lach, Anna Kułach, Wiktoria Modrzejewska, Gabriela Krok, Katarzyna Siwiec, Maria Chmielewska, Weronika Basak, Zofia Wcisło, Łukasz Lamparski, Patrycja Piekarska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IN PATIENTS WITH OBESITY: THE ROLE OF PATIENT EDUCATION, WEIGHT REDUCTION, PHARMACOTHERAPY AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION - A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are closely connected chronic conditions that require a comprehensive, patient-centred approach. Traditional management focused primarily on glycaemic control, whereas contemporary care increasingly recognizes weight reduction, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic risk reduction and digital health tools as integral components of treatment. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the complex management of type 2 diabetes in adults with obesity, with emphasis on diabetes self-management education and support, intentional weight loss, lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy and technology-enabled care. Publications were selected from PubMed-indexed literature, clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials relevant to the intersection of diabetes, obesity, education, lifestyle and innovative health technologies. Education can improve glycaemic control and adherence. Structured weight-management interventions can support clinically meaningful weight loss and, in selected patients, remission of type 2 diabetes. Nutrition therapy and physical activity remain foundational, but their implementation requires individualized counselling, behavioural strategies and attention to social determinants of health. Pharmacotherapies such as metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 receptor agonists) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists) have shifted treatment from a purely glucose-centred model toward weight-centred. Digital health applications, wearable devices and continuous glucose monitoring may strengthen education and self-management, although equity and long-term engagement remain. Integrated care models combining education, weight management, pharmacotherapy and digital follow-up are likely to produce the greatest clinical and public health benefit.
Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, Patient Education, Weight Reduction, Pharmacotherapy, Lifestyle Modification
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalena Fąfara, Margarita Jeczkało, Monika Kosiorowska, Agata Kowalczyk, Joanna Lasoń, Marcelina Makulska, Weronika Płachta, Wiktoria Sęk, Amelia Sieradzka, Cezary Wegenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WEARABLE DEVICES IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS OF INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGY INTO CARDIAC CARE
Background: The global burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) necessitates a transition from reactive care to a proactive "5P" medicine paradigm (predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and population-based). Wearable devices (WDs), such as smartwatches and biosensors, have emerged as essential socio-technical tools for continuous monitoring in non-clinical settings. However, integrating these data streams into clinical workflows presents a dichotomy between enhanced diagnostic potential and systemic risks. Methods: This systematic–narrative review synthesizes clinical and technical literature published between 2014 and 2026. The analysis evaluates data from landmark trials and examines technical interoperability frameworks, specifically the HL7 FHIR standard for patient-generated health data integration into clinical records. Results: Findings demonstrate that wearables significantly improve the detection of asymptomatic arrhythmias, with trials such as EQUAL showing a 4.4-fold increase in atrial fibrillation detection compared to standard care. Furthermore, wearable-guided care is associated with a 41% reduction in heart failure hospitalizations and a 26% decrease in mortality. Despite clinical gains, integration is hampered by "technostress" from false alerts, "black box" AI algorithms, and unresolved legal liability regarding consumer data privacy. Conclusion: To achieve resilient integration, the paper proposes a framework centered on standardized interoperability and explainable AI. It emphasizes the need for updated regulatory guidelines and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure that wearable technology promotes health equity while maintaining clinical safety.
Cardiac Wearables, Preventive Cardiology, HL7 FHIR, Digital Health Integration, Socio-Technical Systems
Copyright (c) 2026 Milena Lewicka, Aleksndra Jagiełło, Piotr Pietrzyk, Beata Szreder, Patrycja Krwaczyk, Joanna Ślusarczyk , Natalia Stanek, Maja Łapaj , Zuzanna Noweta, Tamara Chodań https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CLINICAL IMPACT OF SLEEP HYGIENE AND LIGHT EXPOSURE: A COMPRENHENSIVE REVIEV OF CIRCADIAN MISALIGNMENT AND MOOD DISORDERS
Background and Objectives: The disruption of the circadian rhythm, driven by modern lifestyle factors such as irregular sleep patterns and artificial light exposure, is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the biological mechanisms linking circadian misalignment with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder (BD) and to assess the clinical efficacy of lifestyle interventions, specifically sleep hygiene and light therapy. Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing databases including PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published between 2006 and 2025. Results: The synthesized data reveal that circadian disruption significantly exacerbates neuroinflammation and alters melatonin and cortisol secretion, directly correlating with depressive and manic episodes. Furthermore, clinical evidence strongly supports chronotherapeutic interventions; bright light therapy (BLT) and targeted sleep hygiene protocols demonstrate substantial efficacy in mood stabilization and symptom reduction. Conclusion: Circadian realignment should be integrated as a foundational, rather than merely adjunctive, component in the psychiatric management of mood disorders. Future research should prioritize large-scale, controlled trials to optimize chronotherapeutic protocols for individualized patient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zuzanna Noweta, Beata Szreder, Joanna Ślusarczyk, Piotr Pietrzyk, Natalia Stanek, Patrycja Krawczyk, Maja Łapaj, Aleksandra Jagiełło, Milena Lewicka, Tamara Chodań https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MIDSHAFT CLAVICLE FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Introduction: Clavicle shaft fractures account for up to 80% of all injuries to this bone. For decades, conservative treatment remained the gold standard, based on historical reports of a minimal (0.6%) non-union rate. However, modern diagnostics and increasing patient expectations regarding biomechanical performance have necessitated a revision of these views. Aim of the study: To analyze the effectiveness of surgical versus conservative treatment based on literature from 2021–2026, with a particular focus on union rates, functional outcomes, and complication profiles. Material and methods: A review of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The analysis included meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adult patients with clavicle shaft fractures. Results: Contemporary data indicate that the non-union rate for conservative treatment is approximately 11%, whereas surgical stabilization (ORIF) reduces this risk by 77%. Surgically treated patients achieve significantly better short-term functional outcomes (at 6 weeks: DASH improved by 9.4 points; CMS: SMD = 0.49), which is of key economic and performance importance for athletes and manual workers. Although long-term results for both groups eventually align, surgical intervention allows for a faster return to full function (3.1 vs. 3.9 months). Conservative treatment eliminates iatrogenic risks but is associated with the risk of scapular dyskinesis when bone shortening exceeds 2 cm, as well as more frequent patient dissatisfaction with aesthetic outcomes. Conclusions: Current scientific evidence indicates the superiority of surgical treatment in terms of union reliability and rehabilitation speed. However, the choice of method requires personalization - balancing the risk of postoperative complications against potential biomechanical dysfunction resulting from clavicular shortening.
Clavicle Fracture, Meta-Analysis, Surgical Fixation, Non-Operative Management, Trauma, Orthopedic Surgery
Copyright (c) 2026 Marcin Stępiński, Kornel Pawlak, Julia Dobrowolska, Marta Krężołek, Mateusz Balicki, Paula Kaczmarczyk, Alicja Palus, Oliwia Zynek, Tomasz Arkuszyński, Filip Kamyszek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CHATBOTS IN PATIENT EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES, RISKS, AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES
Artificial intelligence chatbots and large language models are increasingly used to obtain, simplify, and personalize medical information for patients. This narrative medical review synthesizes 40 recent studies on chatbot-supported patient education across emergency medicine, cardiology, oncology, ophthalmology, gastroenterology, dermatology, orthopedics, otolaryngology, urology, pain medicine, nursing, and health-literacy research. The review evaluates opportunities, risks, and ethical challenges associated with patient-facing AI communication. The evidence suggests that chatbots can generate fluent explanations, improve access to plain-language materials, support appointment preparation, and reduce the workload of drafting educational content. However, important limitations recur across the literature, including excessive reading level, incomplete or unsafe advice, weak source transparency, fabricated references, model variability, language-related inequity, and patient overtrust in fluent but unverified answers. Ethically acceptable implementation should therefore treat chatbots as supervised communication-support tools rather than autonomous medical educators. Clinical use should require clinician-approved source material, explicit AI disclosure, readability testing, escalation instructions, model-version documentation, multilingual validation, and post-deployment monitoring. Under such safeguards, AI chatbots may strengthen patient education, but unsupervised deployment may intensify existing problems in online medical information.
Artificial Intelligence, Chatbots, Patient Education, Health Literacy, Large Language Models; Medical Ethics
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiktoria Sęk, Agata Kowalczyk, Magdalena Fąfara, Margarita Jeczkało, Monika Kosiorowska, Joanna Lasoń, Marcelina Makulska, Weronika Płachta, Amelia Sieradzka, Cezary Wegenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSING BURNOUT WITH THE PAID QUESTIONNAIRE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
According to the International Diabetes Federation's Diabetes Atlas estimates, in 2015, 1 in 11 adults had diabetes (415 million), and 1 in 2 adults with diabetes (46.5%) were undiagnosed, meaning they were unaware they had diabetes. It was found that 12% of global health expenditures were spent on diabetes (US$673 billion), and 1 in 7 births were affected by gestational diabetes. According to the Federation's estimates, by 2040, 1 in 10 adults will have diabetes (642 million), and health expenditures for diabetes-related diseases will exceed US$802 million. Over the past decades, diabetes mellitus (DM), along with cardiovascular diseases and cancer, has become an increasingly common pathology, reaching the proportions of a non-communicable epidemic. Patients with DM experience psychological stress due to the inability to maintain their previously adopted lifestyle, a sense of inferiority, a reduction in social activity due to the development of complications, and dependence on strict adherence to a daily routine, diet, physical activity, and medication. Patients also face social problems, limitations in their professional life, and insufficient social and psychological support. Studying the individual personality traits of patients with diabetes, the interaction between the cognitive, emotional, and motivational components of the "internal picture of the disease," and establishing the relationship between their somatic state and the "internal picture of the disease" helps improve medical and psychological care and the quality of life of this category of patients. Dysfunction of emotion regulation mechanisms leads to the development of depression and lowers mood, with a negative and pessimistic assessment of oneself, one's situation in reality, and one's future. In diabetic patients, the relationship between disease perception and anxiety-depression levels is believed to be an important factor affecting the monitoring and treatment of the disease. Disease perception is defined as the cognitive view of the disease state. When faced with a disease, people try to explain their disease in light of their personal experiences, knowledge, values, beliefs, and needs in order to understand and cope with the disease; they create their own models and representations of the disease.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Internal Picture of The Disease, PAID Questionnaire, Attitude Toward The Disease
Copyright (c) 2026 Aynur Farda Imanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DOES SURGICAL APPROACH MATTER? RISK OF UTERINE RUPTURE AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS OPEN MYOMECTOMY – A CONTEMPORARY REVIEW
Background: Uterine rupture is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of pregnancy following surgical procedures involving the uterine corpus, including myomectomy. The increasing number of laparoscopic procedures raises concerns regarding the safety of this approach in subsequent pregnancies. Objective: To assess the risk of uterine rupture during pregnancy following laparoscopic myomectomy compared with open abdominal myomectomy based on current literature. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE database, including publications from 2014 to 2025. Cohort studies, population-based analyses, and systematic reviews comparing obstetric outcomes after laparoscopic and open myomectomy were included. Results: The incidence of uterine rupture after myomectomy is low and does not exceed 1% in most analyses. Most comparative studies did not demonstrate significant differences between surgical approaches. Some population-based studies suggested a potentially higher risk following laparoscopic procedures; however, these findings are limited by methodological constraints. Conclusions: Current evidence does not confirm a clearly increased risk of uterine rupture after laparoscopic myomectomy. The technique of uterine wall reconstruction and appropriate patient selection appear to be more important for obstetric safety than the surgical approach itself.
Myomectomy, Uterine Rupture, Laparoscopy, Laparotomy, Pregnancy Outcomes, Uterine Fibroids
Copyright (c) 2026 Milena Beata Polak, Natalia Sara Kuśmierowska, Monika Kuś, Grzegorz Słomkowski, Tymoteusz Białowąs, Dominika Karolak , Magdalena Natalia Nowak, Konrad Wiśniewski, Daria Valipur Kolti, Kacper Cholewiński, Agnieszka Ewa Kierska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOIMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN OBESITY: CLINICAL UTILITY IN ASSESSMENT, RISK STRATIFICATION, AND THERAPEUTIC MONITORING
Background: Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic complications. Traditional indices, such as body mass index (BMI), do not allow for an accurate assessment of body composition or the distinction between fat and fat-free mass. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a rapid, non-invasive tool for assessing body composition in clinical settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of BIA in the diagnosis and monitoring of obesity, including body composition assessment, identification of obesity phenotypes, diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity, stratification of cardiometabolic risk, and monitoring of the effects of dietary, pharmacological, and surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted of 47 scientific publications published between 1990 and 2026, most of which were from the last decade. The review included clinical trials, systematic reviews, cohort studies, and mechanistic studies on the application of BIA in obesity. The analysis focused on body composition parameters (FM, FFM, TBW, FMI, FFMI, PhA), the detection of obesity phenotypes, cardiometabolic risk, and treatment monitoring. Results: BIA allows for the assessment of fat mass, fat-free mass, water content, and derived indices (FMI, FFMI, PhA). These parameters enable a more accurate characterization of obesity phenotypes than BMI. Data from literature reviews show that BIA supports the identification of individuals with elevated cardiometabolic risk, detects sarcopenic obesity, and monitors changes in body composition during therapy. Conclusions: BIA is a practical, non-invasive tool that aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of obesity treatment. Despite certain methodological limitations, its reproducibility, accessibility, and ability to provide a multidimensional assessment of body composition make it a valuable complement to other clinical methods.
Bioimpedance Analysis, Obesity, Body Composition, Sarcopenic Obesity, Cardiometabolic Risk, Phase Angle
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Szmuc, Iga Kałka, Natalia Kaczmarczyk, Jakub Robert Skalski, Karolina Halat, Antoni Hajdas, Gabriela Daniel, Łukasz Ćmok, Justyna Chudy , Julia Dobrowolska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRASTUZUMAB - REVIEW OF USE AND EFFECTIVENESS IN THE TREATMENT OF HER2-POSITIVE NEOPLASM
Treating cancers is a challenge that many scientists from around the world face every day. Thanks to the scientific advances, cancers are now divided not only by the organ they affect, but also into subtypes such as histological and molecular. Small molecules present on cancer cells have become the target of molecular drugs, making cancer treatment even more personalized for specific type. One of them is the use of trastuzumab - a targeted monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of cancers with overexpression of the HER2 protein on cell membrane. Trastuzumab inhibits the growth of cancer cells by blocking HER2 receptors. This mechanism is used in the treatment of HER2-positive breast and stomach cancer. In clinical trials, trastuzumab has been shown to have significantly higher rates of disease-free survival, absolute survival rate, median overall survival, progression-free survival and the duration of response than similar therapies without it. This makes it promising and useful in anticancer therapy in some neoplasm types. In addition, the safety profile has been checked and assessed in many respects, taking into account the side effects that this drug causes.
Trastuzumab, Cancer, Breast, Stomach, HER2
Copyright (c) 2026 Wiktoria Król, Konrad Kulka, Dominika Jurczak, Julia Koronczok-Matusiak, Zuzanna Kafara, Donata Kowalczyk, Zuzanna Lechowska, Agnieszka Kafara, Rafał Szarek , Katarzyna Michta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODERN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE TREATMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Aims: To systematically review randomized evidence on modern minimally invasive and endoscopic techniques for treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), focusing on clinical efficacy, safety, perioperative outcomes, preservation of sexual/ejaculatory function, and durability compared with TURP or sham. Methods: We conducted a systematic PubMed search (2020–2025) using predefined terms for BPH surgery and randomized controlled trials. Main findings from eligible articles were summarized. Results: The review identified 41 randomized controlled trials evaluating nine modern techniques (endoscopic enucleation, laser vaporization, Aquablation, Rezūm water vapor thermal therapy, prostatic urethral lift/PUL, transperineal laser ablation/TPLA, temporary nitinol device/iTind, drug-coated balloon/Optilume, and prostatic artery embolisation/PAE), comprising thousands of men with moderate-to-severe LUTS. Endoscopic enucleation and Aquablation showed durable, TURP-like or superior improvements in IPSS, QoL, Qmax, and PVR, particularly in large prostates (>80 mL), with better perioperative outcomes. Minimally invasive surgical therapies (MISTs) provided meaningful symptom relief and excellent preservation of sexual/ejaculatory function, while PAE had lower objective efficacy and higher reintervention rates. Serious complications were uncommon across all techniques. Conclusions: Current evidence supports these modern techniques as valuable alternatives to TURP, enabling individualized treatment based on prostate volume and patient priorities for sexual function, recovery, and durability. However, heterogeneity in follow-up duration, variable prostate-size criteria, and the limited number of large head-to-head trials restrict definitive conclusions. Further adequately powered, long-term randomized studies are needed to better define the optimal role of each modality in clinical practice.
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, Minimally Invasive Surgical Therapies, Endoscopic Surgery, Systematic Review
Copyright (c) 2026 Adam Andrzejewski, Dominika Raether, Dominika Julia Kozdroń, Michalina Weronika Nieścioruk, Paulina Szczepańska, Jacek Kowalski, Dominika Dutkiewicz, Alia Echtay Yarbou, Rami Mallah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TARGETING TYPE I INTERFERON SIGNALING IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: CLINICAL AND SAFETY PERSPECTIVES ON ANIFROLUMAB THERAPY
Anifrolumab is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting the IFNAR1 subunit of the type I interferon receptor. By inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and suppressing interferon-stimulated gene expression, anifrolumab represents a targeted therapy based on disease pathophysiology. The drug has been approved as an add-on treatment for adult patients with moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus particularly in patients in whom standard therapies such as systemic glucocorticoids and hydroxychloroquine have failed to achieve the desired outcomes. The efficacy of anifrolumab has been assessed in several randomized clinical trials, which demonstrated a significant reduction in disease activity, decreased rates of disease flares, and improvement in cutaneous and musculoskeletal manifestations. Another clinically relevant outcome was the possibility to reduce glucocorticosteroid doses. Further analyses also suggest a beneficial effect of anifrolumab in lupus nephritis and indicate its superiority over standard therapy. Anifrolumab has demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with no significant increase in the risk of serious adverse events or opportunistic infections. The most frequently reported adverse events were upper respiratory tract infections as well as varicella and herpes zoster infections. In Poland, anifrolumab is registered exclusively for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus as an adjunct to standard therapy. However, evidence from clinical trials and case series suggest the potential for broader application of this drug in dermatology in the coming years. In the future, anifrolumab may also be considered a therapeutic option in refractory cases of cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Anifrolumab, Biological Therapy, Interferon Type I, Clinical Trials, Phase III
Copyright (c) 2026 Sara Zahra Omidi, Daria Valipur Kolti, Jerzy Klimas, Barbara Anna Olędzka, Wiktoria Mazepa, Małgorzata Olędzka, Michał Piątkiewicz, Kaja Pruszkowska, Zofia Rogowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EVOLUTION OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF ILIOTIBIAL BAND SYNDROME IN LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is the leading cause of lateral knee pain in endurance runners, affecting up to 12% of this group (Hadeed & Tapscott, 2023). Historically, ITBS was classified as a "friction syndrome," attributed to the distal band sliding over the lateral femoral epicondyle (LFE). Recent anatomical, histological, and biomechanical studies have challenged this view, instead supporting a "compression model." This review details the shift from friction-based theories to the current understanding of impingement on innervated adipose tissue. Conservative management strategies, including traditional stretching, hip abductor strengthening (HAS), gait retraining, and adjunctive therapies such as extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and dry needling (DN), are critically evaluated. A 2024 systematic review of 13 studies reported that multiplanar HAS and gait retraining achieved pain reduction rates ranging from 27% to 100%. Heavy Slow Resistance (HSR) training and cadence manipulation (increasing by 5–10%) are identified as key interventions for improving tissue tolerance. Effective ITBS management requires addressing both proximal hip stability and distal mechanics, while attempts to "release" the stiff, inextensible band are unlikely to provide benefit.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome, Running Biomechanics, Hip Abductor Strengthening, Gait Retraining, Compression Syndrome, Heavy Slow Resistance Training
Copyright (c) 2026 Katarzyna Lipska, Aleksandra Ustaszewska, Zofia Parol, Mateusz Żyła, Liwia Prorok, Aleksandra Potempa, Aleksandra Oszczypała, Michał Petkow, Monika Szyszkowska, Zuzanna Strojek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INVISIBLE BURDEN OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: A REVIEW OF DIAGNOSTIC, TREATMENT, AND HEALTH POLICY CHALLENGES
Background: Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting approximately 6-13% of women worldwide, with estimates exceeding 100 million individuals. It presents with heterogeneous symptoms, including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility, significantly impairing quality of life. Despite its prevalence, endometriosis remains under-recognized and often inadequately addressed at clinical and policy levels. Objective: This review aims to examine the multifaceted burden of endometriosis, including its epidemiology, impact on quality of life and productivity, diagnostic delays, treatment limitations, and health system and policy barriers. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, observational studies, and policy reports were analyzed to identify key themes and evidence gaps. Results: Endometriosis is associated with substantial physical, psychological, and economic burden, including reduced work productivity and high healthcare costs. Diagnostic delay remains a major challenge due to factors at the patient, provider, and system levels. Current treatments are often limited in effectiveness and accessibility, with high recurrence rates. Fragmented healthcare systems, insufficient specialist training, and a lack of national policies further exacerbate inequalities in care. Conclusions: Endometriosis represents a significant yet often invisible public health issue. Addressing its burden requires integrated care models, improved diagnostic strategies, increased research funding, and comprehensive policy action.
Endometriosis, Dysmenorrhea, Quality of Life, Diagnostic Delay, Healthcare Disparities
Copyright (c) 2026 Bartosz Janik, Kornelia Domagała, Małgorzata Ziółek, Magdalena Maroszek, Kamil Szymczak, Ariadna Bakier, Albert Wiatr, Agata Olecka, Filip Gałązka, Jakub Cegielski, Nikodem Mozgała, Jakub Ślęzak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0