THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Karol Poplicha; Piotr Sobkiewicz; Aleksandra Piech; Konrad Poplicha; Patrycja Ucieklak; Martyna Grodzińska; Maria Ufniarska; Tomasz Ufniarski; Justyna Moszkowicz; Karolina Pasierb; Patrycja Kardasz; Bartłomiej Siuzdak; Marta Jutrzenka; Jarosław Ucieklak

doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3773

Authors

Karol Poplicha MD, State Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration (MSWiA), Wołoska 137, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3835-9777
Piotr Sobkiewicz MD, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, pl. Ludwika Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6610-440X
Aleksandra Piech MD, Clinical Provincial Hospital No. 2 them. Saint Jadwiga the Queen in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4485-2200
Konrad Poplicha MD, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Marii Skłodowskiej Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9245-5807
Patrycja Ucieklak MD, District Hospital in Zawiercie, ul. Miodowa 14, 42-400 Zawiercie, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3681-1051
Martyna Grodzińska MD, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology Center, pl. Ludwika Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wrocław, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1001-6484
Maria Ufniarska MD, Saint Adalbert Hospital in Gdańsk, aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5927-4811
Tomasz Ufniarski MD, University Clinical Center in Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6555-3403
Justyna Moszkowicz MD, Clinical Provincial Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow, Lwowska 60, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2582-6187
Karolina Pasierb MD, The University Hospital in Krakow, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-668 Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5806-3508
Patrycja Kardasz MD, Saint Adalbert Hospital in Gdańsk, aleja Jana Pawła II 50, 80-462 Gdańsk, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8137-9789
Bartłomiej Siuzdak MD, Clinical Provincial Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszów, Lwowska 60, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8691-6617
Marta Jutrzenka MD, Praga Hospital of the Transfiguration (Szpital Praski p.w. Przemienienia Pańskiego Sp. z o.o.), Aleja Solidarności 67, 03-401 Warszawa, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-1586
Jarosław Ucieklak MD, District Hospital in Zawiercie, ul. Miodowa 14, 42-400 Zawiercie, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2702-4953

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(47).2025.3773

Keywords:

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Autoimmunity, Autoimmune Diseases, Rheumatic Diseases, COVID-19 Vaccination, MIS-C, Molecular Mimicry

Abstract

Background: There is growing evidence to support an association between the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the onset or flare of ADs (autoimmune diseases) in pediatric and adult patients. Immunological factors in these processes include molecular mimicry, hyperactivation of the immune system, and others. Moreover, a new clinical entity (Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)) is an example of a severe immunologic mediated pattern after COVID-19.

Objective: This review describes available evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 infection on the occurrence and course of autoimmune diseases in children as well as in adults. Significant emphasis is placed on population studies regarding the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and their natural history, the immunological mechanisms, and the impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the setting of autoimmunity.

Methods: This review was conducted using findings of scientific search databases PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus with words: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, autoimmunity, autoimmune diseases, rheumatic diseases, COVID-19 vaccination, MIS-C, molecular mimicry. Articles were selected based on relevance, methodological quality, and adherence to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.

Results: The immune dysregulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection might induce the onset of autoimmune diseases. Increased rates of newly diagnosed autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have been reported in both adult and pediatric populations following COVID-19. While autoimmune phenomena may rarely occur with COVID-19 vaccines, the risk is much higher with natural infection.

Conclusion: Further studies and systematic immunological follow-up of patients after COVID-19 are essential for the early detection and effective management of autoimmune complication.

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