NEW FORMS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF INSULIN THERAPY IN TYPE 1 DIABETES - A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Agata Ogórek; Aleksandra Kaniak; Julia Andrzejewska; Agata Wińska; Hanna Pietruszewska; Irmina Czerepak; Izabela Majchrzak; Michał Ziemba; Klaudia Zackiewicz; Julianna Zielska

doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4479

Authors

Agata Ogórek Lower Silesian Center of Oncology, Pulmonology and Hematology, pl. Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2916-5368
Aleksandra Kaniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, ul. Kamieńskiego 73a, 51-124 Wrocław, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7775-7785
Julia Andrzejewska Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, ul. Kamieńskiego 73a, 51-124 Wrocław, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9414-3664
Agata Wińska University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, ul. M. C. Skłodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3455-5432
Hanna Pietruszewska Medical University of Lodz, al. Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7626-2996
Irmina Czerepak District Hospital Complex in Olesnica, ul. Armii Krajowej 1, 56-400 Olesnica, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9964-3439
Izabela Majchrzak University Clinical Hospital in Poznan, ul. Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0682-7184
Michał Ziemba University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, ul. M. C. Skłodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2200-431X
Klaudia Zackiewicz University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, ul. M. C. Skłodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4778-7211
Julianna Zielska Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Clinical Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-5549

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4479

Keywords:

Insulin, Insulin Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Multiple Daily Injections, Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion

Abstract

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to permanent lack of insulin. In recent years, advances in insulin formulations and delivery methods have improved the ability to mimic natural insulin secretion and support better diabetes management.

Aim: The aim of this article is to review the most commonly used forms of insulin therapy and modern technologies supporting the treatment of type 1 diabetes, with attention to their effectiveness, safety, and impact on patients’ quality of life.

Methods: A search of PubMed and ScienceDirect was performed for publications from January 2008 to June 2025. The review included clinical trials and review articles about insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Titles and abstracts were screened, full texts were analysed, and reference lists of key papers were checked.

Results: Modern insulin therapy is based on insulin analogues with different action profiles and on delivery systems such as insulin pens, pumps, and hybrid closed-loop devices. New basal and prandial analogues help improve glycaemic control and reduce complications. Automated Insulin Delivery systems increase time in range and improve daily functioning. However, problems such as variability of insulin absorption, lipodystrophy, and high costs still remain.

Conclusions: Although progress in insulin therapy has improved diabetes care, further research, better access to modern technologies, and further patient education is essential.

Author Biographies

Irmina Czerepak, District Hospital Complex in Olesnica, ul. Armii Krajowej 1, 56-400 Olesnica, Poland
Klaudia Zackiewicz, University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, ul. M. C. Skłodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland

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