THE IMPACT OF MICROPLASTICS ON HUMAN BODY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5335Keywords:
Microplastics, MPs, Nanoplastics, Human Exposure, Microplastic Pollution, Microplastics Human BodyAbstract
Introduction: Small pieces of plastic, commonly called ,,microplastics" (MP), are the most common form of solid waste on Earth. Concerns about the dangers associated with the presence of microplastics in the environment and their influence on human health are widespread. Micro- and nanoplastics, formed by the breakdown of larger plastic materials, pose a serious threat to both the environment and living organisms.
The harmfulness of MP particles depends mostly on their size – in brief, the smaller the particle, the deeper it can be transported into the body. Those tiny plastic fragments pose a serious threat to the human body including respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, lymphatic, urinary and reproductive systems.
Methods: A literature review was written using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and the official WHO website, the official European Chemicals Agency website, the official British Plastics Federation website. The research was conducted using articles available as of March 2026.
Conclusions: Human exposure to microplastics occurs primarily through three routes. The most common of them is oral intake. Despite the growing body of evidence about the harmfulness of microplastics, we do not have enough data to show the correlation between microplastics and human health effects in some cases. To fully assess the toxicity and real impact of microplastics on the human body, more research needs to be conducted.
References
Alberghini, L., Truant, A., Santonicola, S., Colavita, G., & Giaccone, V. (2023). Microplastics in fish and fishery products and risks for human health: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010789
Almaiman, L., Aljomah, A., Bineid, M., Aljeldah, F. M., Aldawsari, F., Liebmann, B., Lomako, I., Sexlinger, K., & Alarfaj, R. (2021). The occurrence and dietary intake related to the presence of microplastics in drinking water in Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(7), Article 390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09132-9
Amato-Lourenço, L. F., Carvalho-Oliveira, R., Júnior, G. R., dos Santos Galvão, L., Ando, R. A., & Mauad, T. (2021). Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 416, 126124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126124
Amato-Lourenço, L. F., Dantas, K. C., Júnior, G. R., Paes, V. R., Ando, R. A., de Oliveira Freitas, R., da Costa, O. M. M. M., Rabelo, R. S., Soares Bispo, K. C., Carvalho-Oliveira, R., & Mauad, T. (2024). Microplastics in the olfactory bulb of the human brain. JAMA Network Open, 7(9), e2440018. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40018
Amobonye, A., Bhagwat, P., Raveendran, S., Singh, S., & Pillai, S. (2021). Environmental impacts of microplastics and nanoplastics: A current overview. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 768297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.768297
Aragaw, T. A. (2020). Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159, 111517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111517
Baker, P., Huang, C., Radi, R., Moll, S. B., Jules, E., & Arbiser, J. L. (2023). Skin barrier function: The interplay of physical, chemical, and immunologic properties. Cells, 12(23), 2745. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12232745
Barboza, L. G. A., Lopes, C., Oliveira, P., Bessa, F., Otero, V., Henriques, B., Raimundo, J., Caetano, M., Vale, C., & Guilhermino, L. (2020). Microplastics in wild fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean and their potential for causing neurotoxic effects, lipid oxidative damage, and human health risks associated with ingestion exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 134625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134625
Bazeli, J., Banikazemi, Z., Hamblin, M. R., & Sharafati Chaleshtori, R. (2023). Could probiotics protect against human toxicity caused by polystyrene nanoplastics and microplastics? Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1186724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1186724
Bhattacharyya, S., Greer, M. L., & Salehi, M. (2025). Impact of micro- and nanoplastics exposure on human health: Focus on neurological effects from ingestion. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1681776. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1681776
Blackburn, K., & Green, D. (2022). The potential effects of microplastics on human health: What is known and what is unknown. Ambio, 51(3), 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01589-9
Bonanomi, M., Salmistraro, N., Porro, D., Pinsino, A., Colangelo, A. M., & Gaglio, D. (2022). Polystyrene micro- and nanoparticles induce metabolic rewiring in normal human colon cells: A risk factor for human health. Chemosphere, 303, 134947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134947
Boucher, J., & Billard, G. (n.d.). The challenges of measuring plastic pollution. Field Actions Science Reports.
Carbery, M., O’Connor, W., & Palanisami, T. (2018). Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health. Environment International, 115, 400–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.007
Chang, X., Xue, Y., Li, J., Zou, L., & Tang, M. (2020). Potential health impact of environmental micro- and nanoplastics pollution. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 40(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3915
Cheng, Y., Yang, Y., Bai, L., & Cui, J. (2024a). Microplastics: An often-overlooked issue in the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine, 22(1), Article 1017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05731-5
Cheng, Y., Yang, Y., Bai, L., & Cui, J. (2024b). Microplastics: An often-overlooked issue in the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine, 22(1), Article 1017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05731-5
Cózar, A., Echevarría, F., González-Gordillo, J. I., Irigoien, X., Úbeda, B., Hernández-León, S., Palma, Á. T., Navarro, S., García-de-Lomas, J., Ruiz, A., Fernández-de-Puelles, M. L., & Duarte, C. M. (2014). Plastic debris in the open ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(28), 10239–10244. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314705111
da Costa, J. P., Santos, P. S. M., Duarte, A. C., & Rocha-Santos, T. (2016). (Nano)plastics in the environment: Sources, fates, and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 566–567, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.041
Dey, T. K., Uddin, M. E., & Jamal, M. (2021). Detection and removal of microplastics in wastewater: Evolution and impact. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12943-5
Du, F., Cai, H., Zhang, Q., Chen, Q., & Shi, H. (2020). Microplastics in take-out food containers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 399, 122969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122969
Elizalde-Velázquez, G. A., & Gómez-Oliván, L. M. (2021). Microplastics in aquatic environments: A review on occurrence, distribution, toxic effects, and implications for human health. Science of the Total Environment, 780, 146551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146551
European Union. (n.d.). The EU fish market: Highlights, the EU in the world, market supply, consumption, import-export, landings in the EU, and aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.2771/664425
Fadare, O. O., & Okoffo, E. D. (2020). COVID-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Science of the Total Environment, 737, 140279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140279
Fard, N. J. H., Jahedi, F., & Turner, A. (2025). Microplastics and nanoplastics in tea: Sources, characteristics, and potential impacts. Food Chemistry, 466, 142111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142111
Frias, J. P. G. L., & Nash, R. (2019). Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138, 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
Guo, Y., Rong, M., Fan, Y., Teng, X., Jin, L., & Zhao, Y. (2025). The presence of microplastics in human semen and their associations with semen quality. Toxics, 13(7), 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13070566
Heo, S. J., Moon, N., & Kim, J. H. (2025). A systematic review and quality assessment of estimated daily intake of microplastics through food. Reviews on Environmental Health, 40(2), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2024-0111
Hirt, N., & Body-Malapel, M. (2020). Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: A review of the literature. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 17(1), Article 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-020-00387-7
Iannuzzi, G. L., D’Alto, M., Bosso, G., Montella, A. P., D’Oria, V., Pellegrino, L., Boccaforno, G., Masi, A., Orlando, A., Franco, R., Ronchi, A., Nicastro, C., & De Feo, M. (2025). Microplastics, nanoplastics, and heart contamination: The hidden threat. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(21), 7618. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217618
Ibrahim, Y. S., Tuan Anuar, S., Azmi, A. A., Wan Mohd Khalik, W. M. A., Lehata, S., Hamzah, S. R., Ismail, D., Ma, Z. F., Dzulkarnaen, A., Zakaria, Z., Mustaffa, N., Tuan Sharif, S. E., & Lee, Y. Y. (2021). Detection of microplastics in human colectomy specimens. JGH Open, 5(1), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgh3.12457
Issac, M. N., & Kandasubramanian, B. (2021). Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13184-2
Jan Kole, P., Löhr, A. J., Van Belleghem, F. G. A. J., & Ragas, A. M. J. (2017). Wear and tear of tyres: A stealthy source of microplastics in the environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101265
Jin, Y., Lu, L., Tu, W., Luo, T., & Fu, Z. (2019). Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota, and metabolism of mice. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.353
Kadac-Czapska, K., Knez, E., & Grembecka, M. (2024). Food and human safety: The impact of microplastics. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 64(11), 3502–3521. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2132212
Kundu, A., Shetti, N. P., Basu, S., Raghava Reddy, K., Nadagouda, M. N., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2021). Identification and removal of micro- and nanoplastics: Efficient and cost-effective methods. Chemical Engineering Journal, 421, 129816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129816
La Porta, E., Exacoustos, O., Lugani, F., Angeletti, A., Chiarenza, D. S., Bigatti, C., Spinelli, S., Kajana, X., Garbarino, A., Bruschi, M., Candiano, G., Caridi, G., Mancianti, N., Calatroni, M., Verzola, D., Esposito, P., Viazzi, F., Verrina, E., & Ghiggeri, G. M. (2023). Microplastics and kidneys: An update on the evidence for deposition of plastic microparticles in human organs, tissues, and fluids and renal toxicity concern. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(18), 14391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814391
Law, K. L., Starr, N., Siegler, T. R., Jambeck, J. R., Mallos, N. J., & Leonard, G. H. (2020). The United States’ contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean. Science Advances, 6(44), eabd0288.
Lebreton, L. C. M., Van Der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J. W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communications, 8, Article 15611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
Leslie, H. A., van Velzen, M. J. M., Brandsma, S. H., Vethaak, A. D., Garcia-Vallejo, J. J., & Lamoree, M. H. (2022a). Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environment International, 163, 107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199
Leslie, H. A., van Velzen, M. J. M., Brandsma, S. H., Vethaak, A. D., Garcia-Vallejo, J. J., & Lamoree, M. H. (2022b). Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environment International, 163, 107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199
Lin, Q., Zhao, S., Pang, L., Sun, C., Chen, L., & Li, F. (2022). Potential risk of microplastics in processed foods: Preliminary risk assessment concerning polymer types, abundance, and human exposure to microplastics. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 247, 114260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114260
Liu, Z., Sokratian, A., Duda, A. M., Xu, E., Stanhope, C., Fu, A., Strader, S., Li, H., Yuan, Y., Bobay, B. G., Sipe, J., Bai, K., Lundgaard, I., Liu, N., Hernandez, B., Bowes Rickman, C., Miller, S. E., & West, A. B. (2023). Anionic nanoplastic contaminants promote Parkinson’s disease-associated α-synuclein aggregation. Science Advances. https://www.science.org
Ma, Z. F., Ibrahim, Y. S., & Lee, Y. Y. (2020). Microplastic pollution and health and relevance to Malaysia’s roadmap to zero single-use plastics 2018–2030. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 27(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2020.27.3.1
Maddah, H. A. (2016). Polypropylene as a promising plastic: A review. American Journal of Polymer Science, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20160601.01
Marfella, R., & Kallweit, U. (2025). Neurotoxicity at the tides: A call to action on marine microplastics and brain health. European Journal of Neurology, 32(5), e70181. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.70181
Marfella, R., Prattichizzo, F., Sardu, C., Fulgenzi, G., Graciotti, L., Spadoni, T., D’Onofrio, N., Scisciola, L., La Grotta, R., Frigé, C., Pellegrini, V., Municinò, M., Siniscalchi, M., Spinetti, F., Vigliotti, G., Vecchione, C., Carrizzo, A., Accarino, G., Squillante, A., … Paolisso, G. (2024). Microplastics and nanoplastics in atheromas and cardiovascular events. New England Journal of Medicine, 390(10), 900–910. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2309822
Martinho, S. D., Fernandes, V. C., Figueiredo, S. A., & Delerue-Matos, C. (2022). Microplastic pollution focused on sources, distribution, contaminant interactions, analytical methods, and wastewater removal strategies: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095610
Meegoda, J. N., Pennock, W. H., Brenckman, C., & Borgaonkar, A. D. (2025). Would the oceans become toxic to humanity due to use and mismanagement of plastics? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010017
Mortensen, N. P., Fennell, T. R., & Johnson, L. M. (2021). Unintended human ingestion of nanoplastics and small microplastics through drinking water, beverages, and food sources. NanoImpact, 21, 100302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2021.100302
Napper, I. E., Bakir, A., Rowland, S. J., & Thompson, R. C. (2015). Characterisation, quantity, and sorptive properties of microplastics extracted from cosmetics. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 99(1–2), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.029
Nouri, M., Massahi, T., & Hossini, H. (2025). Microplastics in the human body: A narrative on routes of exposure to contamination and potential health effects. Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability, 37(1), 2538535. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395940.2025.2538535
O’Callaghan, L., Olsen, M., Tajouri, L., Beaver, D., Hudson, C., Alghafri, R., McKirdy, S., & Goldsworthy, A. (2025). Plastic-induced urinary tract disease and dysfunction: A scoping review. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 35(5), 770–784. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00709-3
Pambianchi, E., Pecorelli, A., & Valacchi, G. (2022). Gastrointestinal tissue as a “new” target of pollution exposure. IUBMB Life, 74(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.2530
Paul, M. B., Stock, V., Cara-Carmona, J., Lisicki, E., Shopova, S., Fessard, V., Braeuning, A., Sieg, H., & Böhmert, L. (2020). Micro- and nanoplastics: Current state of knowledge with a focus on oral uptake and toxicity. Nanoscale Advances, 2(10), 4350–4367. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00539H
Peng, X., Chen, M., Chen, S., Dasgupta, S., Xu, H., Ta, K., Du, M., Li, J., Guo, Z., & Bai, S. (2018). Microplastics contaminate the deepest part of the world’s ocean. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 9, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1829
Pironti, C., Notarstefano, V., Ricciardi, M., Motta, O., Giorgini, E., & Montano, L. (2023a). First evidence of microplastics in human urine: A preliminary study of intake in the human body. Toxics, 11(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010040
Pironti, C., Notarstefano, V., Ricciardi, M., Motta, O., Giorgini, E., & Montano, L. (2023b). First evidence of microplastics in human urine: A preliminary study of intake in the human body. Toxics, 11(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010040
Prüst, M., Meijer, J., & Westerink, R. H. S. (2020). The plastic brain: Neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 17(1), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y
Ragusa, A., Svelato, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M. C. A., Baiocco, F., Draghi, S., D’Amore, E., Rinaldo, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021). Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environment International, 146, 106274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274
Rhodes, C. J. (2018). Plastic pollution and potential solutions. Science Progress, 101(3), 207–260. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685018X15294876706211
Rodrigues, A. C. B., de Jesus, G. P., Waked, D., Gomes, G. L., Silva, T. M., Yariwake, V. Y., da Silva, M. P., Magaldi, A. J., & Veras, M. M. (2022). Scientific evidence about the risks of micro- and nanoplastics to human health and their exposure routes through the environment. Toxics, 10(6), 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060308
Roslan, N. S., Lee, Y. Y., Ibrahim, Y. S., Anuar, S. T., Yusof, K. M. K. K., Lai, L. A., & Brentnall, T. (2024a). Detection of microplastics in human tissues and organs: A scoping review. Journal of Global Health, 14, 04179. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04179
Roslan, N. S., Lee, Y. Y., Ibrahim, Y. S., Anuar, S. T., Yusof, K. M. K. K., Lai, L. A., & Brentnall, T. (2024b). Detection of microplastics in human tissues and organs: A scoping review. Journal of Global Health, 14, 04179. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04179
Rotchell, J. M., Jenner, L. C., Chapman, E., Bennett, R. T., Bolanle, I. O., Loubani, M., Sadofsky, L., & Palmer, T. M. (2023). Detection of microplastics in human saphenous vein tissue using μFTIR: A pilot study. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0280594. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280594
Sangkham, S., Faikhaw, O., Munkong, N., Sakunkoo, P., Arunlertaree, C., Chavali, M., Mousazadeh, M., & Tiwari, A. (2022). A review on microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment: Their occurrence, exposure routes, toxic studies, and potential effects on human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 181, 113832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113832
Sartorelli, P., D’Hauw, G., Spina, D., Volterrani, L., & Mazzei, M. A. (2020). A case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a worker exposed to terephthalic acid in the production of polyethylene terephthalate. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 33(1), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01465
Segovia-Mendoza, M., Nava-Castro, K. E., Palacios-Arreola, M. I., Garay-Canales, C., & Morales-Montor, J. (2020). How microplastic components influence the immune system and impact children’s health: Focus on cancer. Birth Defects Research, 112(17), 1341–1361. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1779
Sharma, S., Basu, S., Shetti, N. P., Nadagouda, M. N., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2021). Microplastics in the environment: Occurrence, perils, and eradication. Chemical Engineering Journal, 408, 127317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127317
Sinha, P., Saini, V., Varshney, N., Pandey, R. K., & Jha, H. C. (2025). The infiltration of microplastics in human systems: Gastrointestinal accumulation and pathogenic impacts. Heliyon, 11(4), e42606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42606
Sunil, M., Mithun, N., Xavier, K. A. M., Nayak, G., Kalthur, G., Chidangil, S., Kumar, S., & Lukose, J. (2025). Exploring the detrimental effects of nanoplastics on ecosystems and human health. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 19, 100831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2025.100831
Thompson, R. C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R. P., Davis, A., Rowland, S. J., John, A. W. G., McGonigle, D., & Russell, A. E. (n.d.). Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? Science, 304(5672), 838.
Vojnits, K., de León, A., Gibon, J., Barker, P., Mahmoudi, M., & Pakpour, S. (2025). A systematic review of the potential neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics: The known and unknown. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 22(1), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-025-00647-4
Waller, C. L., Griffiths, H. J., Waluda, C. M., Thorpe, S. E., Loaiza, I., Moreno, B., Pacherres, C. O., & Hughes, K. A. (2017). Microplastics in the Antarctic marine system: An emerging area of research. Science of the Total Environment, 598, 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.283
Whyatt, R. M., Perzanowski, M. S., Just, A. C., Rundle, A. G., Donohue, K. M., Calafat, A. M., Hoepner, L. A., Perera, F. P., & Miller, R. L. (2014). Asthma in inner-city children at 5–11 years of age and prenatal exposure to phthalates: The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(10), 1141–1146. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307670
Winiarska, E., Jutel, M., & Zemelka-Wiacek, M. (2024). The potential impact of nano- and microplastics on human health: Understanding human health risks. Environmental Research, 251, 118535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118535
Zarus, G. M., Muianga, C., Brenner, S., Stallings, K., Casillas, G., Pohl, H. R., Mumtaz, M. M., & Gehle, K. (2023). Worker studies suggest unique liver carcinogenicity potential of polyvinyl chloride microplastics. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 66(12), 1033–1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23540
Zhang, N., Li, Y. B., He, H. R., Zhang, J. F., & Ma, G. S. (2021). You are what you eat: Microplastics in the feces of young men living in Beijing. Science of the Total Environment, 767, 144345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144345
Ziani, K., Ioniță-Mîndrican, C. B., Mititelu, M., Neacșu, S. M., Negrei, C., Moroșan, E., Drăgănescu, D., & Preda, O. T. (2023). Microplastics: A real global threat for environment and food safety—A state-of-the-art review. Nutrients, 15(3), 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030617
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Katarzyna Wójtowicz, Anna Wawrzeczko, Maciej Jakubiec, Angelika Jankowska, Magdalena Gostół, Natalia Górska, Gabriela Deska, Emilia Gąsiorowska, Aleksandra Lewczuk
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published in open-access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Hence, authors retain copyright to the content of the articles.
CC BY 4.0 License allows content to be copied, adapted, displayed, distributed, re-published or otherwise re-used for any purpose including for adaptation and commercial use provided the content is attributed.
How to Cite
