CURRENT CONCEPTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DRY EYE DISEASE - A NARRATIVE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5558Keywords:
Dry Eye Disease; Tear Film; Pathophysiology; Risk Factors; Diagnosis; TreatmentAbstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic, multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface, the prevalence of which is steadily increasing with population aging and changes in lifestyle. The aim of this study was to review current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of DED, with particular emphasis on emerging therapeutic approaches.
This is a review paper based on an analysis of available scientific literature from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Original studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and expert reports were included, including the TFOS DEWS II guidelines.
The collected data indicate that DED affects between 5% and 50% of the population and occurs more frequently in women and older individuals. The pathogenesis of the disease involves disruption of ocular surface homeostasis, tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, and chronic inflammation, coexisting with neurosensory abnormalities. Environmental and behavioral factors play a significant role, particularly prolonged use of digital devices. Diagnosis remains challenging due to the weak correlation between symptoms and clinical findings. Management is multifaceted and includes symptomatic and anti-inflammatory therapy as well as lifestyle modifications; however, it often does not eliminate the underlying causes of the disease.
The conclusions indicate that DED constitutes a significant clinical problem, and the development of targeted therapies and modern drug delivery systems may contribute to improved treatment efficacy in the future.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Anna Kuls, Martyna Kadłubańska, Sonia Zembrzuska, Anna Maria Kowalska, Justyna Maria Wiktorowicz, Bogusław Pabis, Nicole Bulinska, Zofia Sinczak, Aleksandra Zofia Sobol, Stanisław Bajerski
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