MODERN APPROACHES TO OBESITY TREATMENT WITH CONSIDERATION OF PHARMACOTHERAPY AND DIET THERAPY

Kacper Szkodziński; Inga  Jakubczyk; Jagoda Maternia; Aleksandra  Łoś; Karolina Majowicz-Czaszyńska; Wiktoria Pempuś; Nikola  Król; Barbara  Tomaszek; Aleksandra Blok; Dominik Wiater; Gabriela  Płodzień

doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.5735

Authors

Kacper Szkodziński University Clinical Hospital F. Chopin in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1161-129X
Inga Jakubczyk Saint Queen Jadwiga Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6982-3213
Jagoda Maternia Saint Queen Jadwiga Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9614-118X
Aleksandra Łoś Saint Queen Jadwiga Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5094-1157
Karolina Majowicz-Czaszyńska Saint Queen Jadwiga Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3240-8564
Wiktoria Pempuś Saint Queen Jadwiga Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-0766
Nikola Król Saint Queen Jadwiga Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5524-6476
Barbara Tomaszek The Independent Public Healthcare Institution in Przeworsk, Przeworsk, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8477-0007
Aleksandra Blok The Independent Public Healthcare Institution in Przeworsk, Przeworsk, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0813-0366
Dominik Wiater University Clinical Hospital F. Chopin in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3761-5118
Gabriela Płodzień Saint Queen Jadwiga Clinical Regional Hospital in Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2193-9312

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.5735

Keywords:

Obesity, Diet Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, Semaglutide, Dietary Catering (Meal Kit Delivery), Health Behaviors

Abstract

Obesity represents one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide, serving as a key risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this article was to present modern approaches to obesity management, with particular emphasis on the role of health behaviors, diet therapy, dietary catering services, and semaglutide-based pharmacotherapy.

This paper reviews issues related to the concept of health and health behaviors, principles of proper nutrition, and selected dietary models used in obesity treatment. Special attention was paid to dietary catering as a modern tool supporting the implementation of nutritional recommendations, as well as pharmacotherapy utilizing GLP-1 receptor agonists.

The conducted analysis indicates that effective obesity treatment requires a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, combining lifestyle modification, appropriately tailored diet therapy, and pharmacological support. Modern solutions, such as personalized nutrition and the use of semaglutide-based medications, can significantly increase treatment efficacy and promote long-term weight reduction.

References

Afshin, A., Sur, P. J., Fay, K. A., et al. (2019). Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries. The Lancet, 393(10184), 1958–1972.

Andersen, A., Knop, F. K., & Vilsbøll, T. (2021). A pharmacological and clinical overview of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Drugs, 81(9), 1003–1030.

Arendt, A., Kaszczyńska, M., Bażydło, M., Kotwas, A., & Karakiewicz, B. (2014). Ocena zachowań zdrowotnych mężczyzn po 40 roku życia. Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii, 95(3), 659–666.

Bergmann, N. C., Davies, M. J., Lingvay, I., & Knop, F. K. (2023). Semaglutide for the treatment of overweight and obesity: A review. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 25(1), 18–35.

Berman, M. A., Guthrie, N. L., Edwards, K. L., et al. (2018). Change in weight and lifestyle behaviors among participants in a digital weight loss program. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(6), e203.

Bleich, S. N., Wolfson, J. A., & Jarlenski, M. P. (2017). Calorie changes in chain restaurant menu items. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(6), 780–787.

Blüher, M. (2019). Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15(5), 288–298.

Bray, G. A., Kim, K. K., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2017). Obesity: A chronic relapsing progressive disease process. Obesity Reviews, 18(7), 715–723.

Chudzińska, M., Wołowiec, Ł., Żukow, W., & Sinkiewicz, W. (2017). Mediterranean diet recommended not only in cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 7(6), 732–746.

Ciborowska, H., & Ciborowski, A. (2021). Dietetyka. Żywienie zdrowego i chorego człowieka. PZWL Wydawnictwo Lekarskie.

Cichocka, A. (2018). Dieta DASH w teorii i zastosowaniu. Wydawnictwo Medyk.

Dietetycy.org.pl. (2025). Catering dietetyczny – wady i zalety. https://dietetycy.org.pl/catering-dietetyczny/

European Medicines Agency. (2017). Ozempic: Summary of product characteristics. https://www.ema.europa.eu/

GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1223–1249.

Grzesińska, W. (2021). Catering dietetyczny jako wsparcie w leczeniu otyłości. Przegląd Gastronomiczny, 75(11–12), 6–8.

Hall, K. D., Ayuketah, A., Brychta, R., et al. (2019). Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain. Cell Metabolism, 30(1), 67–77.

Heszen, I., & Sęk, H. (2020). Psychologia zdrowia. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., et al. (2016). How should we define health? BMJ, 343, d4163.

Jarosz, M. (2017). Normy żywienia dla populacji polskiej. Instytut Żywności i Żywienia (IŻŻ).

Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., et al. (2014). 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63(25), 2985–3023.

Johnston, B. C., Kanters, S., Bandayrel, K., et al. (2014). Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults. JAMA, 312(9), 923–933.

Juczyński, Z. (2009). Narzędzia pomiaru w promocji i psychologii zdrowia. Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.

Kołłajtis-Dołowy, A., Jeruszka, M., & Wawrzyniak, A. (2019). Diety alternatywne – zalety i zagrożenia. Kosmos. Problemy Nauk Biologicznych, 68(2), 185–195.

Kwasnicka, D., Dombrowski, S. U., White, M., & Sniehotta, F. (2016). Theoretical explanations for behaviour change maintenance: A systematic review. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 277–296.

Lincoff, A. M., et al. (2023). Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 389(24), 2221–2232.

McCartney, G., Popham, F., McMaster, R., & Cumbers, A. (2019). Defining health inequalities and health inequities. Public Health, 172, 22–30.

Nowicki, G. J., Ślusarska, B., Zboina, B., et al. (2018). Zachowania zdrowotne osób pracujących w warunkach narażenia na czynniki szkodliwe. Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis, 72, 114–121.

Polski Instytut Dietetyki. (2025). Zasady racjonalnego odżywiania. https://pid.edu.pl/

Rubino, F., Nathan, D. M., Eckel, R. H., et al. (2022). Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 45(2), 307–316.

Sygit-Kowalkowska, E. (2014). Radzenie sobie ze stresem jako zachowanie zdrowotne – perspektywa teoretyczna. Hygeia Public Health, 49(2), 202–208.

Wilding, J. P. H., Batterham, R. L., Calanna, S., et al. (2021). Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(11), 989–1002.

Willett, W., Rockström, J., Loken, B., et al. (2019). Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet, 393(10170), 447–492.

World Health Organization. (2025). Constitution of the World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/

Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., et al. (2015). European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obesity Facts, 8(6), 402–424.