CUSHING SYNDROME – DISEASE OF BOTH BODY AND MIND. LITERATURE REVIEW

Klaudia Gogól-Fijał; Zuzanna  Michalik; Klaudia  Kapelka; Stanisław  Malik; Przemysław  Paduch; Zofia  Bułka; Joanna  Mazur; Dawid  Kłos; Duszan  Leja; Klaudia  Czech; Kaja  Zdrojewska; Lena  Apanowicz; Patrycja  Białowąs

doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6412

Authors

Klaudia Gogól-Fijał Medical Center in Gdów, Gdów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1051-8427
Zuzanna Michalik Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5031-1173
Klaudia Kapelka St. Mary's Provincial Specialist Hospital in Częstochowa, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5579-9852
Stanisław Malik St. Anne’s Hospital in Miechów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5634-308X
Przemysław Paduch Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1721-2621
Zofia Bułka St. Anne’s Hospital in Miechów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1720-7335
Joanna Mazur Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5722-9301
Dawid Kłos St. Anne’s Hospital in Miechów, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9110-975X
Duszan Leja University Hospital in Krakow, Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9121-9310
Klaudia Czech University Hospital in Krakow, Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3281-1374
Kaja Zdrojewska University Hospital in Krakow, Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4008-5584
Lena Apanowicz Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9482-5293
Patrycja Białowąs Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Kraków, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8913-3656

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6412

Keywords:

Cushing Syndrome, Symptoms, Signs, Complications, Comorbidities, Laboratory Tests

Abstract

Introduction and purpose: Cushing’s syndrome is a complex clinical condition characterized by a constellation of signs and symptoms resulting from prolonged exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids. Although it is relatively rare, the disorder is associated with numerous serious complications affecting multiple organ systems. The aim of this study is to present current state of knowledge on clinical features of Cushing Syndrome.

A Brief description of the state of knowledge: Due to hypercortisolemia and potential disturbances in other hormonal networks, Cushing's syndrome may lead to a wide range of both physical and psychological symptoms and signs. Characteristic abnormalities in laboratory findings may also be observed. Symptoms may involve multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, immune, reproductive, musculoskeletal systems, as well as the skin. Complications are mainly cardiovascular, thrombotic and infectious. A broad range of neuropsychiatric disturbances may also occur, including, among others, depression and psychosis. It is therefore important to note, that mortality in Cushing’s syndrome is not solely attributable to somatic complications but is also associated with an increased risk of suicide. Distinct differences in the clinical presentation of Cushing's syndrome may be observed in pediatric patients. Likewise, elderly may exhibit clinical features that differ from those typically seen in younger adults.

Materials and methods: The comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The analysis incorporated review papers, case studies, and original research articles addressing possible symptoms, signs, complications, and laboratory abnormalities observed in the course of Cushing's syndrome. Both somatic and psychiatric manifestations of the condition were considered in the selection and evaluation of sources. The analysis encompassed publications available in Polish or English, with a publication date ranging from 2015 to 2025. This time restriction was implemented to ensure the inclusion of the most recent studies reflecting the current state of knowledge.

Conclusion: Cushing syndrome may present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and can lead to multiple complications. Continued medical follow-up is crucial even after the resolution of hypercortisolism, as not all somatic and psychiatric symptoms fully resolve following treatment. Further research is needed to understand the course of CS and potential long-term consequences of the disease. This is essential for improving patient care, as well as prolonging survival and enhancing quality of life.

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