APPLICATION OF AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET CONCENTRATES (PRP/PRF) IN ACNE SCAR REDUCTION AND THEIR ROLE IN IMPROVING PATIENTS’ PSYCHOSOCIAL QUALITY OF LIFE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6498Keywords:
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF), Autologous Platelet Concentrates, Atrophic Acne Scars, Psychosocial Quality of Life (QoL), Aesthetic DermatologyAbstract
Background: Atrophic acne scars represent a prevalent dermatological challenge with significant cosmetic and psychosocial implications. While autologous platelet concentrates (APCs), such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), are widely used to promote tissue repair, single-modality approaches often yield sub-optimal structural reconstruction in deep scarring.
Objective: This review evaluates the biophysical mechanisms, release kinetics, and clinical efficacy of autologous platelet concentrates – specifically comparing classical PRP with advanced liquid platelet-rich fibrin (f-PRF/i-PRF) – both as monotherapy and within hybrid protocols combined with microneedling, subcision, and ablative fractional CO2 laser resurfacing.
Methods: A comprehensive synthesis of current preclinical and clinical literature was conducted, analyzing the impact of centrifugation physics (relative centrifugal force, rotor geometry, chemical additives) on cellular viability and the structural remodeling cascade.
Results: Liquid PRF modalities, prepared without exogenous anticoagulants, demonstrate superior biological kinetics compared to PRP, forming a three-dimensional bio-scaffold that enables sustained growth factor release (up to 10–14 days) and homogenous leukocyte migration. Clinical data unequivocally indicate that hybrid procedures outperform monotherapies. Synergizing physical interventions such as microneedling, CO2 laser resurfacing, or subcision with autologous cytokines markedly enhances neocollagenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, combining APCs with physical modalities significantly reduces post-procedural erythema, edema, downtime, and the incidence of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Conclusion: Advanced platelet-rich fibrin matrices represent a therapeutic evolution over traditional PRP, particularly in preventing fibrous re-anchoring during subcision and providing extended paracrine signaling. Establishing standardized centrifugation protocols and objective evaluation metrics remains essential to fully optimize APC-driven regenerative therapy in dermatological surgery.
References
Ahramiyanpour, N., Kaveh, R., Lotfi, E., & Rastaghi, F. (2025). Optimizing post-acne scar treatment: A pilot comparative study of endo-radiofrequency subcision with and without platelet-rich plasma. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 24(7), e70345. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70345
Aizawa, H., Kawabata, H., Sato, A., Masuki, H., Watanabe, T., Tsujino, T., Isobe, K., Nakamura, M., Nakata, K., & Kawase, T. (2020). A comparative study of the effects of anticoagulants on pure platelet-rich plasma quality and potency. Biomedicines, 8(3), Article 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8030042
Aljefri, Y. E., Ghaddaf, A. A., Alahmadi, R. A., Alkhamisi, T. A., Alkhunani, T. A., Samarkandy, S. J., & Alamri, A. M. (2022). Ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser combined with autologous platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of atrophic acne scars: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dermatologic Therapy, 35(12), e15888. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15888
Alsabri, G. A., Van Der Horst, F., Alkaabi, S. A., Alavi, S. A., Forouzanfar, T., & Helder, M. N. (2024). Evaluating growth-factor release in leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin, advanced platelet-rich fibrin, and injectable platelet-rich fibrin protocols: A narrative review. Growth Factors, 42(4), 216–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/08977194.2024.2432951
Alsousou, J., Thompson, M., Hulley, P., Noble, A., & Willett, K. (2009). The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, 91-B(8), 987–996. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.91b8.22546
Amiri, M. A., Farshidfar, N., Miron, R. J., Dziedzic, A., Hamedani, S., Daneshi, S., & Tayebi, L. (2023). The potential therapeutic effects of platelet-derived biomaterials on osteoporosis: A comprehensive review of current evidence. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2023, Article 9980349. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9980349
Arora, S., Das, P., Singh, G. K., Arora, G., & Bellad, P. (2024). Combining platelet rich plasma with ablative laser for post acne scars: A review. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 90, 318–328. https://doi.org/10.25259/ijdvl_549_2022
Asif, M., Kanodia, S., & Singh, K. (2016). Combined autologous platelet-rich plasma with microneedling verses microneedling with distilled water in the treatment of atrophic acne scars: A concurrent split-face study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15(4), 434–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12207
Assinger, A., Pirabe, A., Santol, J., Muhammad, A., & Kuroki-Hasenöhrl, D. (2026). Anticoagulant-free preparation of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP)/fluid platelet-rich fibrin (f-PRF): A pre-clinical comparative performance study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 17, Article 1785884. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1785884
Aust, M. C., Knobloch, K., Reimers, K., Redeker, J., Ipaktchi, R., Altintas, M. A., Gohritz, A., Schwaiger, N., & Vogt, P. M. (2010). Percutaneous collagen induction therapy: An alternative treatment for burn scars. Burns, 36(6), 836–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2009.11.014
Barootchi, S., Tavelli, L., Vinueza, M. E. G., Sabri, H., Andrade, C., Pinto, N., Sanz, A., & Wang, H. (2024). Autologous platelet concentrates in root coverage procedures. Periodontology 2000, 97(1), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12614
Bock, O., Schmid-Ott, G., Malewski, P., & Mrowietz, U. (2006). Quality of life of patients with keloid and hypertrophic scarring. Archives of Dermatological Research, 297(10), 433–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-006-0651-7
Boen, M., & Jacob, C. (2019). A review and update of treatment options using the Acne Scar Classification System. Dermatologic Surgery, 45(3), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1097/dss.0000000000001765
Borrione, P., Di Gianfrancesco, A., Pereira, M. T., & Pigozzi, F. (2010). Platelet-rich plasma in muscle healing. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 89(10), 854–861. https://doi.org/10.1097/phm.0b013e3181f1c1c7
Brewin, M., & Homer, S. (2018). The lived experience and quality of life with burn scarring – The results from a large-scale online survey. Burns, 44(7), 1801–1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2018.04.007
Cieslik-Bielecka, A., Bielecki, T., Gazdzik, T. S., Arendt, J., Król, W., & Szczepanski, T. (2009). Autologous platelets and leukocytes can improve healing of infected high-energy soft tissue injury. Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 41(1), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2009.05.006
Dashore, S., Chouhan, K., Nanda, S., & Sharma, A. (2021). Platelet-rich fibrin, preparation and use in dermatology. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 12(7), 55. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_282_21
Davies, C., & Miron, R. J. (2024). Autolougous platelet concentrates in esthetic medicine. Periodontology 2000, 97(1), 363–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12582
De Souza Ferreira Sávio, D., Da Silva, L. M. P., Reis, G. G. D., Denardi, R. J., Da Costa, N. M. M., Furlaneto, F. A. C., De Souza, S. L. S., De Almeida Barros Mourão, C. F., Miron, R. J., Okamoto, R., & Messora, M. R. (2023). Effects of platelet-rich fibrin produced by three centrifugation protocols on bone neoformation in defects created in rat calvaria. Platelets, 34(1), Article 2228417. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2023.2228417
Deng, Y., Wang, F., & He, L. (2024). Skin barrier dysfunction in acne vulgaris: Pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. Medical Science Monitor, 30, e945336. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.945336
Diab, N. A. F., Ibrahim, A. M., & Abdallah, A. M. (2022). Fluid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) versus platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of atrophic acne scars: A comparative study. Archives of Dermatological Research, 315(5), 1249–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-022-02511-3
Dreno, B., Amici, J. M., Demessant-Flavigny, A. L., Wright, C., Taieb, C., Desai, S. R., & Alexis, A. (2021). The impact of acne, atopic dermatitis, skin toxicities and scars on quality of life and the importance of a holistic treatment approach. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 14, 623–632. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s315846
Ehrenfest, D. M. D., Rasmusson, L., & Albrektsson, T. (2009). Classification of platelet concentrates: From pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). Trends in Biotechnology, 27(3), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.009
Eichenfield, D. Z., Sprague, J., & Eichenfield, L. F. (2021). Management of acne vulgaris: A review. JAMA, 326(20), 2055–2067. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17633
Eyuboglu, M., Kalay, I., & Eyüboglu, D. (2018). Evaluation of adolescents diagnosed with acne vulgaris for quality of life and psychosocial challenges. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 63(2), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.ijd_671_16
Farshidfar, N., Alccayhuaman, K. A. A., Estrin, N. E., Ahmad, P., Sculean, A., Zhang, Y., & Miron, R. J. (2025a). Advantages of horizontal centrifugation of platelet-rich fibrin in regenerative medicine and dentistry. Periodontology 2000. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12625
Farshidfar, N., Amiri, M. A., Estrin, N. E., Ahmad, P., Sculean, A., Zhang, Y., & Miron, R. J. (2025b). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) versus injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF): A systematic review across all fields of medicine. Periodontology 2000. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12626
Feng, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Zhao, Q., Yu, S., Shen, K., Miron, R. J., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Antibacterial effects of platelet-rich fibrin produced by horizontal centrifugation. International Journal of Oral Science, 12(1), Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-00099-w
Fernandes, D. (2005). Minimally invasive percutaneous collagen induction. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, 17(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2004.09.004
Fernández-Medina, T., Vaquette, C., & Ivanovski, S. (2019). Systematic comparison of the effect of four clinical-grade platelet rich hemoderivatives on osteoblast behaviour. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(24), Article 6243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246243
Finlay, A., & Khan, G. (1994). Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)—A simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 19(3), 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01167.x
Foster, T. E., Puskas, B. L., Mandelbaum, B. R., Gerhardt, M. B., & Rodeo, S. A. (2009). Platelet-rich plasma: From basic science to clinical applications. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(11), 2259–2272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509349921
Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Kono, M., Katagiri, H., Schaller, B., Zhang, Y., Sculean, A., & Miron, R. J. (2020). Histological comparison of platelet rich fibrin clots prepared by fixed-angle versus horizontal centrifugation. Platelets, 32(3), 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537104.2020.1754382
Gaumond, S. I., Abdin, R., Yaghi, M., Mahmoud, R. H., Rodriguez, M., Eber, A. E., & Jimenez, J. J. (2024). Platelet-rich plasma as an adjuvant therapy to fractional ablative carbon dioxide lasers for cutaneous repair: A complementary treatment for atrophic acne scarring. Lasers in Medical Science, 39(1), Article 254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-024-04192-y
Gentile, R. D. (2019). Easy platelet-rich fibrin (injectable/topical) for post-resurfacing and microneedle therapy. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, 28(1), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2019.09.011
Ghanem, L., Kirmani, N., Palacios-Ortiz, M. P., Cevallos-Cueva, M., Mendoza-Millán, D. L., Nascimento, G. V. A., & Velasco-Tamariz, V. (2025). Comparison of single-spin to double-spin platelet-rich plasma centrifugation methods in the treatment of androgenic alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Medicine, 12, Article 1631087. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1631087
Gieler, U., Gieler, T., & Kupfer, J. (2015). Acne and quality of life – Impact and management. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 29(S4), 12–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13191
Goodman, G. J. (2011). Treatment of acne scarring. International Journal of Dermatology, 50(10), 1179–1194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05029.x
Goodman, G. J., & Baron, J. A. (2006). Postacne scarring – A quantitative global scarring grading system. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 5(1), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00222.x
Guo, R., Xuan, W., He, X., & Xu, K. (2023). Safety and efficacy of CO2 dot matrix laser combined with platelet-rich plasma on depressed scar after acne vulgaris and influencing factors of its repair effect: A retrospective analysis. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 22(3), 850–861. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15501
Heah, M. M., Ng, R. S., Low, D.-W., Ali, N. M., & Jamil, A. (2025). The impact of facial acne scars on quality of life, anxiety, depression and its associated risk factors. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 80(3). http://www.e-mjm.org/2025/v80n3/facial-acne-scars.pdf
Helbig, D., Bodendorf, M. O., Grunewald, S., Kendler, M., Simon, J. C., & Paasch, U. (2009). Immunohistochemical investigation of wound healing in response to fractional photothermolysis. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 14(6), Article 064044. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3275479
Kobayashi, E., Flückiger, L., Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Sawada, K., Sculean, A., Schaller, B., & Miron, R. J. (2016). Comparative release of growth factors from PRP, PRF, and advanced-PRF. Clinical Oral Investigations, 20(9), 2353–2360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1719-1
Latalski, M., Walczyk, A., Fatyga, M., Rutz, E., Szponder, T., Bielecki, T., & Danielewicz, A. (2019). Allergic reaction to platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Medicine, 98(10), e14702. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000014702
Limongelli, P., Casalino, G., Tolone, S., Brusciano, L., Docimo, G., Del Genio, G., & Docimo, L. (2017). Quality of life and scar evolution after negative pressure or conventional therapy for wound dehiscence following post-bariatric abdominoplasty. International Wound Journal, 14(6), 960–966. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12739
Litchman, G., Nair, P. A., Badri, T., & Kelly, S. E. (2022). Microneedling. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459344/
Lubkowska, A., Dolegowska, B., & Banfi, G. (2012). Growth factor content in PRP and their applicability in medicine. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 26(2 Suppl 1), 3S–22S.
Marques, L. F., Stessuk, T., Camargo, I. C. C., Sabeh Junior, N., Santos, L. D., & Ribeiro-Paes, J. T. (2014). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): Methodological aspects and clinical applications. Platelets, 26(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.3109/09537104.2014.881991
Marx, R. E. (2001). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP): What is PRP and what is not PRP? Implant Dentistry, 10(4), 225–228. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008505-200110000-00002
Marx, R. E. (2004). Platelet-rich plasma: Evidence to support its use. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 62(4), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2003.12.003
McCarrel, T. M., Minas, T., & Fortier, L. A. (2012). Optimization of leukocyte concentration in platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of tendinopathy. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 94(19), e143. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.l.00019
Miron, R. J., Chai, J., Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Sculean, A., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Evaluation of 24 protocols for the production of platelet-rich fibrin. BMC Oral Health, 20(1), Article 310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-01299-w
Miron, R. J., Chai, J., Zheng, S., Feng, M., Sculean, A., & Zhang, Y. (2019). A novel method for evaluating and quantifying cell types in platelet rich fibrin and an introduction to horizontal centrifugation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 107(10), 2257–2271. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36734
Miron, R. J., Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Hernandez, M., Kandalam, U., Zhang, Y., Ghanaati, S., & Choukroun, J. (2017). Injectable platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF): Opportunities in regenerative dentistry? Clinical Oral Investigations, 21(8), 2619–2627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2063-9
Miron, R. J., Fujioka-Kobayashi, M., Sculean, A., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Optimization of platelet-rich fibrin. Periodontology 2000, 94(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12521
Moraschini, V., Miron, R. J., De Almeida Barros Mourão, C. F., Louro, R. S., Sculean, A., Da Fonseca, L. A. M., Maia, M. D. C., & Shibli, J. A. (2023). Antimicrobial effect of platelet-rich fibrin: A systematic review of in vitro evidence-based studies. Periodontology 2000, 94(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12529
Novintan, S., Campioni-Norman, D., Ardani, S., Mack, T., & Frew, Q. (2026). Platelet-rich plasma and ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy for chronic scar management: A systematic review. Lasers in Medical Science, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-026-04860-1
Oh, H., & Boo, S. (2017). Quality of life and mediating role of patient scar assessment in burn patients. Burns, 43(6), 1212–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2017.03.009
Oneto, P., Zubiry, P. R., Schattner, M., & Etulain, J. (2020). Anticoagulants interfere with the angiogenic and regenerative responses mediated by platelets. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, Article 223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00223
Pavlovic, V., Ciric, M., Jovanovic, V., & Stojanovic, P. (2016). Platelet rich plasma: A short overview of certain bioactive components. Open Medicine, 11(1), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2016-0048
Priya, D., & Patil, S. (2023). A split face comparative interventional study to evaluate the efficacy of fractional carbon dioxide laser against combined use of fractional carbon dioxide laser and platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of acne scars. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 14(3), 371–375. https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_462_22
Quirynen, M., Siawasch, S. A. M., Yu, J., & Miron, R. J. (2024). Essential principles for blood centrifugation. Periodontology 2000. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12555
Ratajczak, J., Vangansewinkel, T., Gervois, P., Merckx, G., Hilkens, P., Quirynen, M., Lambrichts, I., & Bronckaers, A. (2018). Angiogenic properties of ‘leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin’. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article 14632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32936-8
Rattanawonsakul, K., Seleiro, G., Workman, V., Claeyssens, F., Bolt, R., Seemaung, P., & Hearnden, V. (2025). The effect of liquid platelet-rich fibrin on oral cells and tissue engineered oral mucosa models in vitro. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 26076. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11868-0
Rath, M., Spinnen, J., Kuhrt, L. D., Priglinger, E., Seika, P., Runge, D., Schubring, S., Laue, D., Wickert, M., Erdem, M., Ertel, W., & Shopperly, L. K. (2025). Platelet-rich plasma – A comprehensive review of isolation, activation, and application. Acta Biomaterialia, 204, 52–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2025.07.050
Sharma, N., & Garg, V. K. (2025). Efficacy of fractional CO₂ laser with and without platelet-rich plasma in atrophic acne scars: A split-face comparative study. International Journal of Life Sciences, Biotechnology and Pharma Research, 14(7), 1305–1317. https://doi.org/10.69605/ijlbpr_14.7.2025.218
Shashank, B., & Bhushan, M. (2020). Injectable platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): The newest biomaterial and its use in various dermatological conditions in our practice: A case series. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13742
Soares, L. F. F., Carrera, T. M. I., Alves, R. O., Marcantonio, C. C., Neves, J. S., Cirelli, J. A., de Oliveira, G. J. P. L., & Pigossi, S. C. (2025). Platelet-rich fibrin low-speed centrifugation protocols and particulate bovine bone on bone defects repair. Brazilian Dental Journal, 36, e25-6428. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-644020256428
Syed, A. S., Sethi, S., Chauhan, S., & Jindal, R. (2025). A comparative study on the measurement properties (criterion validity, informativity, and floor and ceiling effects) of Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Skindex-29. Indian Journal of Dermatology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.ijd_738_23
Tan, J., Beissert, S., Cook-Bolden, F., Chavda, R., Harper, J., Hebert, A., Lain, E., Layton, A., Rocha, M., Weiss, J., & Dréno, B. (2021). Impact of facial atrophic acne scars on quality of life: A multi-country population-based survey. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00628-1
Tunca, M., Balik, Z. B., Uncu, H. B., & Botsali, A. (2024). Stigmatization and psychosocial burden in acne patients. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.16678
Ulasli, A. M., Ozturk, G. T., Cakir, B., Celik, G. E., & Bakir, F. (2021). The effect of the anticoagulant on the cellular composition and growth factor content of platelet-rich plasma. Cell and Tissue Banking. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10561-021-09952-6
Van Loey, N. E. E., & Van Son, M. J. M. (2003). Psychopathology and psychological problems in patients with burn scars: Epidemiology and management. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 4(4), 245–272. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200304040-00004
Varela, H. A., Souza, J. C. M., Nascimento, R. M., Araújo, R. F., Jr., Vasconcelos, R. C., Cavalcante, R. S., Guedes, P. M., & Araújo, A. A. (2018). Injectable platelet rich fibrin: Cell content, morphological, and protein characterization. Clinical Oral Investigations. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2555-2
Wang, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Miron, R. J. (2019). Fluid platelet-rich fibrin stimulates greater dermal skin fibroblast cell migration, proliferation, and collagen synthesis when compared to platelet-rich plasma. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(6), 2004–2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12955
Young, V. L., & Hutchison, J. (2009). Insights into patient and clinician concerns about scar appearance: Semiquantitative structured surveys. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 124(1), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181a80747
Yu, W., Wang, J., & Yin, J. (2011). Platelet-rich plasma: A promising product for treatment of peripheral nerve regeneration after nerve injury. International Journal of Neuroscience, 121(4), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2010.544432
Zwittnig, K., Kirnbauer, B., Jakse, N., Schlenke, P., Mischak, I., Ghanaati, S., Al-Maawi, S., Végh, D., Payer, M., & Zrnc, T. A. (2022). Growth factor release within liquid and solid PRF. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(17), Article 5070. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175070
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Mądrzak, Mikołaj Magierski, Maciej Magierski, Weronika Dudek, Marcelina Skajewska, Julia Stojko, Oliwia Dziewięcka, Wojciech Ziębka, Bartłomiej Markowski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published in open-access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Hence, authors retain copyright to the content of the articles.
CC BY 4.0 License allows content to be copied, adapted, displayed, distributed, re-published or otherwise re-used for any purpose including for adaptation and commercial use provided the content is attributed.
How to Cite
