MODERN GLAUCOMA THERAPY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Magdalena Stolarczyk; Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik; Wojciech Sołtys; Szymon Zysiak; Cezary Kosmecki; Mateusz Stronczyński; Łukasz Deska; Jędrzej Zaguła; Kacper Wicha; Julia Bezak

doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4918

Authors

Magdalena Stolarczyk Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9190-1229
Aleksandra Jagura-Sukiennik Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4489-0859
Wojciech Sołtys 4th Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic SPZOZ in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7052-7058
Szymon Zysiak Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8803-5736
Cezary Kosmecki Military Institute of Medicine – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5896-937X
Mateusz Stronczyński 4th Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic SPZOZ in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0808-845X
Łukasz Deska 10th Military Clinical Hospital with Independent Public Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9593-7077
Jędrzej Zaguła Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7596-2849
Kacper Wicha 109 Military Hospital with Policlinic in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6732-8162
Julia Bezak Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8598-5594

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4918

Keywords:

Glaucoma, Intraocular Pressure, Rho-Kinase Inhibitors, Sustained-Release Implant, MIGS

Abstract

Introduction: Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy and a major cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Because early disease is often asymptomatic, many patients are diagnosed after relevant structural damage has already developed. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the primary therapeutic objective and the most established approach to reduce the risk of progression. This review summarizes current advances in glaucoma care, including modern pharmacological strategies, sustained-release therapy, neuroprotection research, microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS), and diagnostic innovations.

Methodology: A narrative review of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was performed to summarize recent evidence on modern glaucoma therapy and monitoring.

Results: Recent progress in medical therapy includes agents targeting the conventional outflow pathway, updated prostaglandin-based approaches, and fixed-dose combinations that reduce regimen complexity. Long-acting drug delivery systems may decrease the reliance on daily eye drops, although safety and durability remain important considerations. Neuroprotection continues to attract strong research interest, but clinical evidence is still insufficient to support a widely accepted strategy beyond IOP lowering. MIGS provides intermediate surgical options that may reduce IOP and medication burden in selected patients, yet outcomes vary across techniques and study designs. OCT and OCT angiography support objective monitoring of structural and vascular changes and may improve detection of progression over time.

Conclusion: Glaucoma care is becoming increasingly individualized through expanding therapeutic and monitoring strategies. Future research should focus on long-term standardized outcomes, improved progression biomarkers, and validation of disease-modifying approaches, including gene- and regenerative therapies.

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