VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) IN THE TREATMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD): EFFECTIVENESS, MECHANISMS OF ACTION, AND COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL EXPOSURE THERAPY

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) constitutes a significant clinical challenge due to its complex etiology and patients’ difficulties in confronting traumatic experiences. The aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) as a modern alternative to classical therapeutic approaches and to evaluate its impact on patient engagement and the fear extinction process.

This paper presents a review of current scientific literature, including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines (including APA recommendations) concerning the use of emerging technologies in trauma treatment. Particular attention is given to the comparison between VRET and traditional exposure methods, such as imaginal and in vivo exposure.

The analysis indicates that VRET demonstrates effectiveness comparable to trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). A key advantage of VR is the high level of immersion and sense of presence, which facilitates emotional processing, particularly in patients who experience difficulties in visualizing traumatic events. Studies also suggest a tendency toward greater acceptance of this form of therapy among patients. Additionally, VRET shows strong potential for integration with adjunctive approaches, such as neuromodulation (tDCS) and physical activity (e.g., 3MDR).

Virtual reality does not replace traditional therapeutic methods but rather represents a significant technological extension of them. Its primary advantages include precise personalization of exposure and increased control over the therapeutic process. The main barriers to widespread implementation of VRET remain the cost of equipment and the lack of standardized clinical protocols.