MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR GLYCEMIC MONITORING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AS A TOOL FOR REDUCING HYPOGLYCEMIA AND ITS COMPLICATIONS – CLINICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5407Keywords:
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Hypoglycemia, Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Real-Time Glucose MonitoringAbstract
Diabetes is one of the most serious health problems of modern times. One of its most dangerous complications is hypoglycemia, defined in most cases as a drop in blood glucose concentration below 70 mg/dl. Recurrent hypoglycemia is associated with a significant increase in patient mortality due to both injuries and cardiovascular and neurological complications. The fear of hypoglycemia alone sometimes paralyzes patients' daily lives. Technological advances have made it possible to replace flawed traditional methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose with systems that enable continuous glucose monitoring, which significantly reduce the frequency and duration of hypoglycemia.The latest methods not only allow for round-the-clock blood glucose monitoring, but also warn the patient of the risk of hypoglycemia based on continuous assessment of blood glucose trends, automatic modification of the insulin dose by the device based on current results, and remote monitoring of the patient by a doctor. The use of modern methods brings long-term socioeconomic benefits in the form of a reduction in the number of severe hypoglycemia episodes and, consequently, hospitalizations and their complications. In addition, CGM systems increase patients' sense of security and control over their disease. However, the use of the latest technological advances also presents challenges for patients in terms of their ability to use new technologies, as well as social and economic constraints that hinder the implementation of the latest treatment methods.
References
International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th ed.). https://diabetesatlas.org/
Strati, M., Moustaki, M., Psaltopoulou, T., Vryonidou, A., & Paschou, S. A. (2024). Early onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update. Endocrine, 85(3), 965–978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-024-03772-w
Ogle, G. D., Wang, F., Haynes, A., Gregory, G. A., King, T. W., Deng, K., Dabelea, D., James, S., Jenkins, A. J., Li, X., Ma, R. C. W., Maahs, D. M., Oram, R. A., Pihoker, C., Svensson, J., Zhou, Z., Magliano, D. J., & Maniam, J. (2025). Global type 1 diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality estimates 2025: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 11th edition, and the T1D Index Version 3.0. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 225, 112277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112277
Kim, M., Han, K., Lee, K., Kim, B., Kim, K., Ko, S. H., Ahn, Y. B., Kim, S. Y., Lee, S. H., & Yun, J. S. (2025). Income and severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes. JAMA Network Open, 8(6), e2513293. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.13293
Frier, B. M. (2014). Hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology and clinical implications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(12), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.170
Yun, J. S., & Ko, S. H. (2016). Risk factors and adverse outcomes of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 40(6), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.6.423
Wang, Y., Zou, C., Na, H., Zeng, W., & Li, X. (2022). Effect of different glucose monitoring methods on bold glucose control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2022, 2851572. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2851572
Jiao, Y., Lin, R., Hua, X., Churilov, L., Gaca, M. J., James, S., Clarke, P. M., O’Neal, D., & Ekinci, E. I. (2022). A systematic review: Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring compared to self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 1 diabetes. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, 5(6), e369. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.369
Jancev, M., Vissers, T. A. C. M., Visseren, F. L. J., van Bon, A. C., Serné, E. H., DeVries, J. H., de Valk, H. W., & van Sloten, T. T. (2024). Continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 67(5), 798–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-024-06107-6
Amiel, S. A. (2021). The consequences of hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia, 64(5), 963–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05366-3
Seaquist, E. R., Anderson, J., Childs, B., Cryer, P., Dagogo-Jack, S., Fish, L., Heller, S. R., Rodriguez, H., Rosenzweig, J., & Vigersky, R. (2013). Hypoglycemia and diabetes: A report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care, 36(5), 1384–1395. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2480
Mihai, D. A., Stefan, D. S., Stegaru, D., Bernea, G. E., Vacaroiu, I. A., Papacocea, T., Lupușoru, M. O. D., Nica, A. E., Stiru, O., Dragos, D., & Olaru, O. G. (2022). Continuous glucose monitoring devices: A brief presentation (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.11097
Petrie, J. R., Peters, A. L., Bergenstal, R. M., Holl, R. W., Fleming, G. A., & Heinemann, L. (2017). Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: Issues and recommendations: A joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association Diabetes Technology Working Group. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1614–1621. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci17-0043
Didyuk, O., Econom, N., Guardia, A., Livingston, K., & Klueh, U. (2021). Continuous glucose monitoring devices: Past, present, and future focus on the history and evolution of technological innovation. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 15(3), 676–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296819899394
Asgharzadeh, A., Patel, M., Connock, M., Damery, S., Ghosh, I., Jordan, M., Freeman, K., Brown, A., Court, R., Baldwin, S., Ogunlayi, F., Stinton, C., Cummins, E., & Al-Khudairy, L. (2024). Hybrid closed-loop systems for managing blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and economic modelling. Health Technology Assessment, 28(80), 1–190. https://doi.org/10.3310/JYPL3536
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2024). 6. Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 47(Suppl. 1), S111–S125. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S006
La Sala, L., & Pontiroli, A. E. (2021). New fast acting glucagon for recovery from hypoglycemia, a life-threatening situation: Nasal powder and injected stable solutions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19), 10643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910643
Cryer, P. E., Axelrod, L., Grossman, A. B., Heller, S. R., Montori, V. M., Seaquist, E. R., Service, F. J., & Endocrine Society. (2009). Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(3), 709–728. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1410
Kwon, S. Y., & Moon, J. S. (2025). Advances in continuous glucose monitoring: Clinical applications. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 40(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2370
Pratley, R. E., Kanapka, L. G., Rickels, M. R., Ahmann, A., Aleppo, G., Beck, R., Bhargava, A., Bode, B. W., Carlson, A., Chaytor, N. S., Fox, D. S., Goland, R., Hirsch, I. B., Kruger, D., Kudva, Y. C., Levy, C., McGill, J. B., Peters, A., Philipson, L., ... Wireless Innovation for Seniors With Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) Study Group. (2020). Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in older adults with type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 323(23), 2397–2406. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6928
van Beers, C. A., & DeVries, J. H. (2016). Continuous glucose monitoring: Impact on hypoglycemia. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 10(6), 1251–1258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296816653411
Lind, M., Polonsky, W., Hirsch, I. B., Heise, T., Bolinder, J., Dahlqvist, S., Schwarz, E., Ólafsdóttir, A. F., Frid, A., Wedel, H., Ahlén, E., Nyström, T., & Hellman, J. (2017). Continuous glucose monitoring vs conventional therapy for glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections: The GOLD randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 317(4), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19976
Lawrence, O., Krzysztof J., R., Vikas, A., & Sampath, J. (2025). Toward affordable and non-invasive detection of hypoglycemia: A machine learning approach. https://doi.org/10.1109/iri66576.2025.00036
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Nowakowska, Oliwia Jerzyńska, Miszela Kałachurska, Martyna Rożek, Aleksandra Kowalewska-Kurek, Aleksandra Lisowska, Bartosz Nowak, Maria Sierant, Mateusz Gural, Constancia Esther Guy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All articles are published in open-access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Hence, authors retain copyright to the content of the articles.
CC BY 4.0 License allows content to be copied, adapted, displayed, distributed, re-published or otherwise re-used for any purpose including for adaptation and commercial use provided the content is attributed.
How to Cite
