THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6615Keywords:
Osteoporosis, Physical Activity, Bone Mineral Density, Postmenopausal WomenAbstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis prevention includes methods aimed at maintaining normal bone mineral density (BMD), increasing bone strength, and reducing the risk of fractures. Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, maintaining a healthy body weight, and regular physical activity play an important role. An important component of prevention is weight-bearing exercise and resistance training, which may have beneficial effects on BMD and bone tissue remodeling. In addition, walking, aquatic exercises, Tai Chi, and whole-body vibration (WBV) may serve as complementary interventions, although their effectiveness requires further research.
Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to review the literature on the role of physical activity and exercise in osteoporosis prevention and management. Particular attention is given to resistance and weight-bearing exercises, walking, aquatic exercises, Tai Chi, and whole-body vibration, focusing on their effects on bone mineral density, muscle strength, and fracture risk.
Methods and materials: We reviewed the literature available in the PubMed database using the following keywords: “Osteoporosis”; “Physical activity”; “Resistance training”; “Weight-bearing exercise”; “Walking”; “Aquatic exercise”; “Tai Chi”; “Whole body vibration”; “Postmenopausal women”;
Conclusion: Comprehensive osteoporosis prevention includes regular physical activity, which supports bone health and reduces fracture risk. Resistance and weight-bearing exercises have the greatest benefits for bone mineral density, particularly in postmenopausal women. Walking, aquatic exercises, and Tai Chi may provide additional benefits, although their effects on BMD are less established. Whole-body vibration may improve muscle strength and reduce fall risk, but its impact on BMD remains uncertain. Therefore, individualized and appropriately selected exercise programs should be considered an important component of osteoporosis prevention.
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