ADAPTOGENS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC STRESS: A REVIEW OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA, RHODIOLA ROSEA, AND SCHISANDRA CHINENS

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6683

Keywords:

Adaptogens, Stress, Ashwagandha, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera, Schisandra chinensis

Abstract

Introduction and objective: Chronic stress is a serious and growing health problem associated with numerous physical and mental disorders. Traditional stress management methods often fail to deliver the expected results, increasing interest in natural alternatives. The aim of this paper is to review current data on adaptogens – Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), Rhodiola rosea and Schisandra chinensis– with particular emphasis on their stress-reducing properties.

Brief description of the state of knowledge: Chronic stress contributes to various health issues, both physical and psychological. Adaptogens such as Withania somnifera, Rhodiola rosea and Schisandra chinensis exhibit stress-reducing effects by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neurotransmitter systems. Clinical studies confirm their good tolerability however, variability in product composition complicates the assessment of their efficacy. Further standardized and long-term studies are needed to confirm their benefits and safety.

Summary: Chronic stress remains a widespread health challenge linked to diverse disorders. Since conventional methods often prove insufficient, interest in plant-based adaptogens is increasing. These substances not only alleviate symptoms but also regulate key biological systems involved in the stress response. Withania somnifera, Rhodiola rosea and Schisandra chinensis show promising results, and other adaptogens may support comprehensive stress management. Future research should focus on long-term safety, clarification of mechanisms of action, and standardization of formulations. Adaptogens bridge traditional knowledge and modern science, offering natural support for mental health and well-being in today’s stressful environment.

References

WHO (2023). Stress.https://www.who. int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/stress (dostęp:, 02.21)

American Psychological Association (2017). Stress in America, The State of Our Nation.https://www.apa. org/news/press/releases/stress/, /state-nation.pdf (dostęp 2017.11.01)

Shara, M., Kakish, E., & Stohs, S. J. (2017). Effects of an Adaptogen-Based Supplement on Stress Parameters in Healthy Volunteers. Int J Complement Alt Med, 10(1): 873-976 https://doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2017.10.00321

Leigh, S. J., Uhlig, F., Wilmes, L., et al. (2023). The impact of acute and chronic stress on gastrointestinal physiology and function: a microbiota-gut-brain axis perspective. J Physiol, 601(20):4491-4538 https://doi.org/10.1113/JP281951

Weinmann, T., Wibowo, R., Forster, F., et al. (2025). Association of chronic stress during studies with depressive symptoms 10 years later. Sci Rep, 15(1):2379 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85311-9

Kępińska-Pacelik, J., & Biel, W. (2025). Herbal Support for the Nervous System: The Impact of Adaptogens in Humans and Dogs.Appl. Sci, 15,5402 https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105402J

Tafet, G. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2016). The Links Between Stress and Depression: Psychoneuroendocrinological, Genetic, and Environmental Interactions. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 28(2):77-88 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15030053

Hussenoeder, F. S., Conrad, I., Pabst, A., et al. (2024). Connecting chronic stress and anxiety: a multi-dimensional perspective. Psychol Health Med, 29(3):427-441 https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2124292

Najwyższa Izba Kontroli (2021). Wprowadzenie do obrotu suplementów diety.https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,25355,vp,28114. pdf (dostęp, 11.23)

Lopresti, A. L., Smith, S. J., Malvi, H., et al. (2019). An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore), 98(37):17186 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017186

Siwek, M., Woroń, J., Wrzosek, A., et al. (2023). Harder, better, faster, stronger? Retrospective chart review of adverse events of interactions between adaptogens and antidepressant drugs. Front Pharmacol, 14:1271776 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1271776

European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use (2008). Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC).Reflection Paper on the Adaptogenic Concept.https://opis-cdn.tinkoffjournal.ru/mercury/reflection-paper-adaptogenic-concept_en. pdf (dostęp, 05.08)

Brekhman, I. I., & Dardymov, I. V. (1969). New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol, 9:419-30 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.09.040169.002223

Wagner, H., Nörr, H., & Winterhoff, H. (1994). Plant adaptogens. Phytomedicine, 1(1):63-76 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80025-5

Wróbel-Biedrawa, D., & Podolak, I. (2024). Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Adaptogens: A Mini-Review. Molecules, 29,866 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29040866

Todorova, V, Ivanov, K., Delattre, C., et al. (2021). Plant Adaptogens—History and Future Perspectives. Nutrients, 13,2861 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082861

Gębalski, J., Małkowska, M., Kiełkowska, E., et al. (2025). Chemical Composition and In Vitro Biological Activity of the Polar and Non-Polar Fractions Obtained from the Roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Maxim. Int J Mol Sci, 26(12):5619 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125619

Panossian, A., Wikman, G., & Sarris, J. (2010). Rosenroot (Rhodiola rosea): traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology and clinical efficacy. Phytomedicine, 17(7):481-93 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.02.002

Pawar, V. S., & Shivakumar, H. (2012). A current status of adaptogens: natural remedy to stress. Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 2:480–490 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60207-2

Gasmi, A., Shanaida, M., Oleshchuk, O., et al. (2023). Natural Ingredients to Improve Immunity. Pharmaceuticals, 16, 528 https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16040528

Kucharska, H. (2023). Analysis of the frequency of use of supplements based on plant adaptogens and their impact on the psychophysical well-being of users. Environ Med, 25(3–4): 46–53 https://doi.org/10.26444/ms/153024

Xia, N., Li, J., Wang, H., et al. (2016). Schisandra chinensis and Rhodiola rosea exert an anti-stress effect on the HPA axis and reduce hypothalamic c-Fos expression in rats subjected to repeated stress. Exp Ther Med, 11(1):353-359 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2882

Salve, J., Pate, S., Debnath, K., et al. (2019). Adaptogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study. Cureus, 11(12): e6466 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6466

Arumugam, V., Vijayakumar, V., Balakrishnan, A., et al. (2024). Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) on stress and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Explore (NY), 20(6):103062 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2024.103062

Dinel, A. L., Guinobert, I., Lucas, C., et al. (2019). Reduction of acute mild stress corticosterone response and changes in stress-responsive gene expression in male Balb/c mice after repeated administration of a Rhodiola rosea L.root extract. Food Sci Nutr, 7(11):3827-3841 https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1249

Speers, A. B., Cabey, K. A., Soumyanath, A., et al. (2021). Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia. Curr Neuropharmacol, 19(9):1468-1495 https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210712151556

Smith, T., Resetar, H., & Morton, C. (2021). US Sales of Herbal Supplements Increase by 9,7% in. DOIURL https://umb.herbalgram.org/media/inclpjky/hg136-hmr.pdf (dostęp: 2022.08.25)

Puttaswamy, N., Singh, G., Mayachari, A., et al. (2025). Efficacy of Ashwagandha Extract Formulation (ASVAMAN®) on Improvement of Energy and Endurance: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study in Healthy Adults. Eur J Med Health Sci, 7(2),88–93 https://doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2025.7.2.2304

Thau, L., Gandhi, J., & Sharma, S. (2023). Physiology, Cortisol.

Dar, N. J., Hamid, A., & Ahmad, M. (2015). Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng. 72(23):4445-60 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-2012-1

Brzozowska, A., Grabowski, J., & Grzyb, A. (2025). Dietary supplements for mood improvement and stress relief Producers’ and merchants’ declarations vs state of knowledge. Arch Psychiatry Psychotherapy, 27(1),63–74. https://doi.org/10.12740/APP/192545

Verma, N., Gupta, S. K., Tiwari, S., et al. (2021). Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers. Complement Ther Med, 57:102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102642

Priyanka, G., Anil Kumar, B., Lakshman, M., et al. (2020). Adaptogenic and Immunomodulatory Activity of Ashwagandha Root Extract: An Experimental Study in an Equine Model. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.541112

Tiwari, S., Gupta, S. K., & Pathak, A. K. (2021). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera dunal. ) root extract in improving cardiorespiratory endurance and recovery in healthy athletic adults, 272:113929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113929

Verma, N., Gupta, S. K., Patil, S., et al. (2024). Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) standardized root extract on physical endurance and VO 2max in healthy adults performing resistance training: An eight-week, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 12:335. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130932.2

Bonilla, D. A., Moreno, Y., Gho, C., et al. (2021). Effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on physical performance: systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol, 6(1) https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010020

Krishnaraju, A. V., Somepalli, V., Thanawala, S., et al. (2023). Efficacy and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ashwagandha Sustained-Release Formulation on Depression and Anxiety Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Stress: in vivo and in vitro Studies. J Exp Pharmacol, 15:291–305 https://doi.org/10.2147/JEP.S407906

Singh, N., Yadav, S. S., Rao, A. S., et al. (2021). Review on anticancerous therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. J Ethnopharmacol, 270:113704 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113704

Kim, H., & Choi, H. (2025). S, Han K, et al.Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) dunal) root extract containing withanolide an alleviates depression-like behavior in mice by enhancing the brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway under unexpected chronic mild stress. J Ethnopharmacol, 340 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.119224

Lopresti, A. (2019). L, Drummond PD, Smith SJ.A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Examining the Hormonal and Vitality Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in Aging, Overweight Males. Am J Mens Health, 13(2) https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319835985

Tinsley, G. M., Jagim, A. R., Potter, G. D. M., et al. (2024). Rhodiola rosea as an adaptogen to enhance exercise performance: A review of the literature. Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114523001988

Stojcheva, E. I., & Quintela, J. C. (2022). The Effectiveness of Rhodiola rosea L.Preparations in Alleviating Various Aspects of Life-Stress Symptoms and Stress-Induced Conditions—Encouraging Clinical Evidence. Molecules, 27(12):3902 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123902

Vasilyev, P. A., Zvonareva, O. I., & Petrenko, A. N. (2020). Clinical trials of rhodiola rosea in Tomsk in the late soviet period. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, Istoriya, 65(3): 814–825, https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/SPBU02.2020.307

Brown, R. P., Gerbarg, P. L., & Ramazanov, Z. (2002). HerbalGram.The Journal of the American Botanical Council. Rhodiola rosea: A Phytomedicinal Overview, 56:40-52

Van Diermen, D., Marston, A., Bravo, J., et al. (2009). Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L.roots. J Ethnopharmacol, 122(2):397-401 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.007

Anghelescu, I. G., Edwards, D., Seifritz, E., et al. (2018). Stress management and the role of Rhodiola rosea: a review. Inter J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 22(4): 242–252 https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2017.1417442

Edwards, D., Heufelder, A., & Zimmermann, A. (2012). Therapeutic effects and safety of Rhodiol rose extract WSA® 1375 in subjects with life-stress symptoms - Results of an open-label study. Phytother Res, 26(8):1220–1225 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3712

Cropley, M., Banks, A. P., & Boyle, J. (2015). The Effects of Rhodiola rosea L.Extract on Anxiety, Stress, Cognition and Other Mood Symptoms. Phytother Res, 29(12):1934–1939, https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5486

Nowak, A., Zakłos-Szyda, M., Błasiak, J., Nowak, A., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, B. (2019). Potential of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.in Human Health and Nutrition: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives. Nutrients, Feb 4;11(2):333. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020333

Panossian, A. (2008). , Wikman G.Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: An overview of Russian research and uses in medicine.J. Ethnopharmacol, 118:183–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.020

Szopa, A. (2017). , Ekiert R., Ekiert H.Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.(Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: A review on bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies.Phytochem. Rev, 16:195–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9470-4

Kim, K.-J., Yoon, K.-Y., Hong, H.-D. and Lee, B.-Y. (2012), Schisandra chinensis Prevents Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Rats Subjected to Heat Environmental Stress. Phytother. Res., 26: 1674-1680. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4640

Hang Sun, Hongsheng Bian, Yanyan WangHuang et al. (n.d.). Anxiolytic Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus-Schisandra chinensis Combination: Mechanistic Insights via HPA and Neuroinflammatory Modulation, International Journal of General Medicine, 594224, https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S594224

Lee, S., Kim, D. H., Jung, J. W., et al. (2007). Schizandra chinensis and Scutellaria baicalensis counter stress behaviors in mice. Phytother Res, Dec;21(12):1187-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2233

Yang, R., Meng, X., Zhao, W., et al. (2025). Phenylpropanoids of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.& maxim.) maxim.Alleviate oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease in vitro and in vivo models by regulating Mst1 and affecting the Nrf2/Sirt3 pathway. Bioorg Chem, 159:108347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108347

Downloads

Published

2026-09-23

How to Cite

Danio, J., Procajło, K., Szostak, P. ., Rynkowska, M. ., Maj, S., Sikorska, . . W., Sikorski, A. ., Kuźmiuk, D., & Sidor, D. . (2026). ADAPTOGENS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC STRESS: A REVIEW OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA, RHODIOLA ROSEA, AND SCHISANDRA CHINENS. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, 4(3(51). https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6683

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>